The Bourgeois Virtues: Ethics for an Age of Commerce

notes to pages 499–507 5553. Feser, On Nozick, 2004,p.13.4. Shklar herself called her vision “bare-bones liberalism.” See Benhabib, “Judith Shklar’sDystopic Liberalism,” 1994.5. Hursthouse, Virtue Ethics, 1999,p.6.6. Skinner, “Republican Ideal,” 1990,p.309.7. Little, Religious Poverty, 1978,p.179.8. As summarized in the second book, Nelson, Reaching for Heaven, 2001,p.xxi.9. McCloskey, American Conservativism, 1951,pp.5–7.10. Strauss, “Liberal Virtues,” 1992,p.197.11. Strauss, “Liberal Virtues,” 1992,pp.201, 199.12. See Molière, Le bourgeois gentilhomme, 2.5, for example: “If you walk about dressed likea burgher [habillé en bourgeois],” M. Jourdain notes, “no one will say to you, ‘M’lord’ [Mon gentilhomme].”The tailor’s assistants, encouraged by his tips, go on to call him “my [feudal] master”[monseigneur] and then even “excellency” [votre grandeur]. The buying of honor wasalready common in France.13. Smith, Wealth, 1776,p.37.14. You can see the truth of this in the facts of the share of labor, including entrepreneuriallabor, in national income, which was about 33 percent in 1800 in a place like England and isnow about 90 percent. That is, the return to physical capital and especially land has fallen as ashare of national income. It has been replaced by the 57 percent (90 minus 33) going to newskills over and above raw labor.15. Kocka, “European Pattern,” 1988,p.35, note 18. The German word is Verbürgerlichung.16. McCloskey, “Industrial Revolution,” 1981,p.110.17. Marx-Engels Collected Works, vol. 40, p.343, given at http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1858/letters/58_10_07.htm. “Most bourgeois of nations”: Engels had not lived inthe United States.18. Rudolf Smend, quoted in Kocka, “European Pattern,” 1988,p.36, note 26.19. Novak, Catholic Social Thought, 1984,p.179.20. Novak, Catholic Social Thought, 1984,p.179.21. Oz, Under This Blazing Light, 1979,p.45.22. Mann, Buddenbrooks, 1901,p.74.23. Gay,Savage Reprisals, 2002,p.130.24. Mann, Buddenbrooks, 1901,pp.113, 202–203, 66, 227.25. Sartre,Anti-Semite, 1944,p.90.26. Benedict, Chrysanthemum, 1946,p.12.27. Aristotle, Politics,c.330 BC, 1328b, p. 301.