managing travel for planned special events - FHWA Operations ...

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congestion is considered either recurringor non-recurring based on its causal factors:• Recurring congestion is usually characterizedby an increase in traffic demand.Commuter traffic induces congestion atthe same time and location weekday afterweekday; hence traffic managers canessentially predict when recurring congestionwill happen. Recurring congestionreflects the daily, systematic relationshipbetween peak traffic demandrates, inadequate road capacity, and suboptimaloperation of traffic control devices.The latter represents one of thefew causes of recurring congestion thataffects capacity rather than demand.• Non-recurring congestion happens as aresult of an event. The spatial and temporalcharacteristics, or location andtime of an event, may be known in advance,or the event may happen at randomwith very little or no warning.These events are commonly termedplanned and unplanned events, respectively.Congestion causing events,whether planned or unplanned, result ineither a reduction in roadway capacity,an increase in traffic demand, or both.Table 1-1 summarizes how these eventsimpact roadway system operations.A planned special event represents the onlytype of event that can generate an increase intraffic demand and cause a temporary reductionin roadway capacity because of eventstaging. For example, a parade or bicyclerace may require street closures extendingover a significant distance, and other eventsmay warrant isolated road closures to accommodatepedestrian flow.Planned EventTable 1-1Congestion Impacts of Planned and Unplanned EventsEVENT-GENERATED IMPACTEVENT CATEGORYMajor roadway constructionand maintenanceTRAFFIC DEMAND• Increases background trafficdemand on parallel freewaysand arterials.Planned special event • Generates new trips and increasestraffic demand on allcorridors serving the event.ROAD CAPACITY• Closes travel lane(s) or roadsegments.• Closes travel lane(s) or roadsegments to stage event (typicallystreet use events).Unplanned EventTraffic incident(e.g., crash, disablement,spilled load, debris)• Causes background traffic diversionto parallel freeways andstreets.Emergency road work • Causes background traffic diversionto parallel freeways andstreets.Adverse weather(e.g., snow, ice, fog, heavyrain, sun glare)Emergency(e.g., severe weather, naturaldisaster, terrorism)• Decreases traffic demand (potentially).• Causes evacuations that generateextreme traffic demand.• Blocks travel lane(s) or roadsegments.• Blocks travel lane(s) or roadsegments.• Reduces vehicle operatingspeeds and increases headways,thus reducing capacity.• Renders road segments impassable(potentially).1-2
Impact of Planned Special EventsPlanned special events can significantly impacttravel safety, mobility, and travel timereliability. Mobility and reliability refer tothe ease and consistency of travel, respectively.The scope of these impacts representa function of several event operation characteristics,including attendance, rate of eventpatron arrival and departure, venue location,and adjacent roadway capacity. The effectand perceived magnitude of mobility andtravel time reliability impacts vary by classof transportation system user. Table 1-2lists the classes of transportation system userswhose needs must be accommodatedduring a planned special event.Transportation stakeholders place a priorityon minimizing impacts to event patron andnon-attendee road users and to transit usersas well. Event patrons accept a certain levelUSERCLASSEventpatron orparticipant• Event patron demand maycause roadway system congestion.Nonattendeeroad userTable 1-2Impacts on Transportation System Usersof delay as part of the overall experience ofattending an event, but place a high priorityon getting to their destination prior to theevent start.Because planned special events are scheduled,transportation and other agencies attemptto influence the schedule to avoidconflict with recurring congestion. Somemunicipal codes prohibit special events requiringroad closures at certain times of theday or week:• For example, Section 447.50 of the MinneapolisMunicipal Code states: Downtownarea restrictions. (a) No permitshall be granted for a parade/race to beconducted within the downtown area betweenthe hours of 7:00 a.m. and 9:00a.m. or 4:00 p.m. and 6:00 p.m. on anyday which is not Saturday, Sunday, or alegal holiday.USER TYPE IMPACT ON USERS USER RESPONSE• Local resident• Visitor• Local resident• Local business• Commuter• Trucker• EmergencyservicesTransit user • Bus• Commuter rail• Commuters and truckers mayencounter reduced travel timereliability in corridors servingan event venue.• Special event traffic controlstrategies may impact localresidents and businesses notinvolved with the event.• Emergency service providersmay experience increasedresponse times during an event.• Transit users may realizeservice impacts on the day-ofevent,including reducedavailability of parking attransit stations and systemcapacity conditions.• Event patrons may use anothermode of travel.• Non-attendee road users maydelay planned trips or divertaround a corridor impacted by aplanned special event.• Emergency service providersmandate the provision ofunimpeded emergency accessroutes to and from the eventvenue and its surrounding area.• Preferred parking areas may beset aside for commuters duringthe days of the event.1EVENT PROFILE POST-EVENT ACTIVITIES DAY-OF-EVENT ACTIVITIES ADVANCE PLANNINGOVERVIEW1-3
Page 1 and 2: MANAGING TRAVEL FORPLANNED SPECIAL
Page 3: Technical Report Documentation Page
Page 6 and 7: TABLE OF CONTENTSINTRODUCTION......
Page 8 and 9: Available Resources ...............
Page 10 and 11: Stakeholder Roles and Coordination
Page 12 and 13: APPENDIX L - PUBLIC AGENCY AND EVEN
Page 14 and 15: Table 3-30 Crash Prevention Tactics
Page 16 and 17: Table 8-4 Day-of-Event Personnel Re
Page 18 and 19: LIST OF FIGURESFigure i-1 Planned S
Page 20 and 21: Figure 6-58 Portable Lighting .....
Page 22 and 23: BACKGROUNDPlanned special events po
Page 24 and 25: includes forming multidisciplinary
Page 26 and 27: THIS PAGE LEFT BLANKi-6
Page 30 and 31: GOALS OF MANAGINGTRAVEL FOR PLANNED
Page 32 and 33: Public agencies can enhance the ima
Page 34 and 35: • 73 percent of surveyed metropol
Page 36 and 37: Table 1-8Planned Special Event Mana
Page 38 and 39: SPECIAL EVENTMANAGEMENTPHASEProgram
Page 40 and 41: Board, Washington, D.C., January12
Page 42 and 43: characteristics and how these chara
Page 44 and 45: a spur-of-the-moment decision to at
Page 46 and 47: Discrete/Recurring Event at a Perma
Page 48 and 49: Arrowhead PondRed Wings vs. Mighty
Page 50 and 51: TRAVELDEMANDROAD/SITECAPACITYAVAILA
Page 52 and 53: transportation impact criteria: (1)
Page 54 and 55: Figure 2-6Wisconsin TIME program Sp
Page 56 and 57: INTEGRATIONOversightTeamEvent Plann
Page 58 and 59: THIS PAGE LEFT BLANK2-18
Page 60 and 61: developing and implementing solutio
Page 62 and 63: Stakeholder Roles andCoordinationTh
Page 64 and 65: A local or county department of pub
Page 66 and 67: management strategies. For example,
Page 68 and 69: modate planned special events. This
Page 70 and 71: events. In turn, post-event activit
Page 72 and 73: at the beginning of the event opera
Page 74 and 75: • Notice of event for affected pr
Page 76 and 77: • Links between process steps are
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the event operations planning phase
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Table 3-14 summarizes four types of
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Unlike other traffic generators suc
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Identify On-SiteParking Area(s)Park
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Table 3-18Tools for Mitigating Plan
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pick-up/drop-off area, during ingre
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ELEMENTEvent patronparking areasTab
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(2) provide a defined passenger wai
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Table 3-25Tactics for Accommodating
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and/or downstream lane closures tha
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The key to maximizing capacity invo
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or variable message signs. CMSs are
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tion reports from various remote lo
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Transit ServiceModifications to exi
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ELEMENTCommand postoperationOperati
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fail. Both the tabletop and full-sc
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tion to performance evaluation data
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Table 3-39Communications Structure
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of a detailed evaluation report. Qu
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Sample questions for possible inclu
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THIS PAGE LEFT BLANK3-60
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tions or a single municipality, res
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events and annual fairs, or major e
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sidered the resources. These resour
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• Identification of funding sourc
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PHASEProgramPlanningEventOperations
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permit when the event organizer mee
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Table 4-4Planned Special Event Perm
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LOCATIONAnaheim, CAMenlo Park,CAMin
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egion. Appendix A contains Washingt
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Table 4-8 (cont’d.)Planned Specia
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Table 4-9 (cont’d.)Planned Specia
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Table 4-12Planned Special Event Per
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Table 4-15Planned Special Event Tec
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ITEM FUNCTIONS DEPLOYMENT APPLICATI
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clude: (1) remote modification of t
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agement. Not all of these are a sin
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9. Descriptions of tiers from mater
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CHAPTER FIVEEVENT OPERATIONS PLANNI
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work and schedule. The framework in
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Interagency CoordinationIn establis
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Fan CelebrationAnother severe impac
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process when forecasted traffic dem
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new and different stadium user with
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• The City also makes available g
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Table 5-8 summarizes four types of
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STEP SIXMITIGATION OF IMPACTSTraffi
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Table 5-11Feasibility Study Data Re
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Table 5-12Example Modal Split for D
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Table 5-14Example Planned Special E
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not offer advance ticket sales typi
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Parking Demand AnalysisA parking de
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Figure 5-11Designated Event Off-Sit
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• The first approach pertains to
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detail impact mitigation strategies
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5OVERVIEWFigure 5-16Site and Pedest
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Table 5-19External Factors Consider
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CHAPTER SIXTRAFFIC MANAGEMENT PLAN6
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• Express service (e.g., new rout
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6DAY-OF-EVENT ACTIVITIES ADVANCE PL
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VENUEPickup /Drop-offWalkSITE AREAR
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special events. This checklist incl
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alternatives may exist, each will n
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Lot AssignmentThe objectives of lot
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parking garage. The lack of such pe
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Table 6-7Key Findings from Saint Pa
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tern of ingress and egress to achie
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Any planned special event parking a
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• Park vehicles at the same rate
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lot(s) conflicts with heavy adjacen
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Figure 6-16Annotated Aerial Map of
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trols for pedestrian protection and
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Use of a temporary pedestrian bridg
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ordinate with the event planning te
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ManagementFigure 6-28On-Site Shuttl
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the impact to neighborhoods surroun
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• On the day-of-event, the manage
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An alternate route plan represents
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Figure 6-33Background Traffic Diver
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Arterial-to-Arterial DiversionArter
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modation tactic that the traffic ma
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Transportation system management ty
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prove interchange capacity and oper
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6OVERVIEWFigure 6-39Temporary Elimi
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efore they enter an alternative lan
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Table 6-36Portable Traffic Manageme
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Advance traffic signal operations p
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EN-ROUTE TRAVELERINFORMATION PLANOv
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or venue access route. These are te
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forces affect the signal, such as w
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now be accessed en-route via cellul
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Subscription ServicesA number of pr
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• Wireless communications (It sho
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unlit freeway interchanges or arter
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Traffic Incident Quick ClearanceIni
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16. Dudek, C.L., Guidelines forChan
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CHAPTER SEVENTRAVEL DEMAND MANAGEME
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Demand Management StrategiesSuccess
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Figure 7-2High Occupancy Vehicle In
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fore. The website suggested that ev
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during the games. The predominant c
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• Patronage Potential - The speci
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may exceed an hour. Patrons who use
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• Recommended event ingress and e
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planned special event impacts opera
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planned special event and related t
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Appendix M contains an example of a
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CHAPTER EIGHTIMPLEMENTATION ACTIVIT
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The implementation plan communicate
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ELEMENTLocationspecifictrafficand p
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ers be used to: (1) watch what happ
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Communication from the TMC to vario
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Volunteer RecruitmentPrior to initi
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CHAPTER NINEDAY-OF-EVENT ACTIVITIES
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stakeholders comprising the traffic
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operations planning phase, the ICS
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Table 9-3Traffic Management PlanEva
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formation to a dispatcher who, in t
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seek out other sources. The media m
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Traffic Management SupportIn a traf
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Table 9-13Performance Evaluation Me
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CHAPTER TENPOST-EVENT ACTIVITIES10O
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Table 10-1Key Post-Event Activities
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ing events, slight changes in circu
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inaccurate, it will become clear th
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ics of interest to all participants
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spectives are noted during the debr
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CHAPTER ELEVENDISCRETE/RECURRING EV
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peak pedestrian and traffic departu
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STEPNO. PAGE1 5-202 7-93 5-214 5-22
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sive express bus service between ar
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POST-EVENTACTIVITIESSince a discret
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market an express bus service for a
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CHAPTER TWELVECONTINUOUS EVENT12OVE
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EVENT OPERATIONSPLANNINGBecause of
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NO.STEPPAGE1 5-202 7-93 5-214 5-225
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Table 12-4Checklist of Implementati
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Some distinguishing considerations
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CHAPTER THIRTEENSTREET USE EVENT13O
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EVENT OPERATIONSPLANNINGSince stree
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STEPNO. PAGE1 5-202 7-93 5-214 5-22
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may not regularly take place in the
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HANDBOOKPAGETable 13-5Checklist of
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• A planned special event permit
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CHAPTER FOURTEENREGIONAL/MULTI-VENU
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several vantage points (e.g., parks
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Table 14-3Event Operations Planning
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Table 14-4 presents a checklist ofi
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• With regard to regional/multi-v
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CHAPTER FIFTEENRURAL EVENT15OVERVIE
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ies by event, as some rural events
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STEPNO. PAGETable 15-3Event Operati
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Table 15-4Checklist of Implementati
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Some distinguishing considerations
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should focus on equipment and techn
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APPENDIX ASAMPLE SPECIAL EVENT PERM
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VIRGINIA BEACH, VA: PERMIT APPLICAT
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A-5
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EVANSTON, IL: SPECIAL EVENT HOLD HA
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MONTGOMERY COUNTY, MD: SPECIAL EVEN
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A-11
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APPENDIX BEVENT-ORIENTED RISK SCENA
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APPENDIX CINTERAGENCY AGREEMENTS FO
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APPENDIX D2003 FAIR SAINT LOUIS EVE
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APPENDIX FPARKING AND PEDESTRIAN AC
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APPENDIX GWISCONSIN DOT ORGANIZATIO
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G-3
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BRISTOL (TN) MOTOR SPEEDWAYSource:
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PALACE OF AUBURN HILLS (MI)PARKING
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TALLADEGA (AL) SUPERSPEEDWAYNote:
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NASCAR DAYTONA 500Source: www.dayto
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MICHIGAN INTERNATIONAL SPEEDWAYSour
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MARTINSVILLE (VA) SPEEDWAYSource: w
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APPENDIX KEXAMPLE TRAFFIC CONTROL P
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FREEWAY SIGNING PLANNASCAR BRICKYAR
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EQUIPMENT LOCATION PLANSYDNEY, AUST
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Source: www.ci.daytona-beach.fl.us/
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SEATTLE CENTERSEATTLE, WASource: ww
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RICHMOND INTERNATIONAL RACEWAYRICHM
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PNC PARKPITTSBURGH, PASource: pirat
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M-2
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FORD FIELDDETROIT, MIM-4
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APPENDIX NSAMPLE IMPLEMENTATION PLA
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N-3
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N-5
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