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Box 5.3.2(continued)Rates of low birth weight in the region have fallen to the level of the national Australianfigure and are substantially better than those in many other Aboriginal communities.84 per cent of pregnant women have at least five antenatal visits during pregnancy andtwo thirds of all pregnant women have a first antenatal assessment in the firsttrimester. Eighty-three per cent of five year olds, 80 per cent of 10 year olds and66 per cent of 15 year olds participated in child health screening (school based).Immunisation coverage is high with rates well over 90 per cent in most communities.However, although wasting has ceased, rates of anaemia and stunted growth inchildren remain high in the region (Sloman et al. 1999, OATSIH 2001).Ngua Gundi — the Mother/Child Project, QueenslandNgua Gundi — the Mother/Child Project — was funded by the Commonwealth BirthingServices Project to address the serious under utilisation of antenatal services by youngAboriginal mothers in Woorabinda, Queensland.An initial needs analysis indicated that, although there was a lack of local hospitalfacilities, Aboriginal women were reluctant to attend the Rockhampton Hospital forantenatal classes and/or to have their babies. The promotion and support ofbreastfeeding and provision of education and support in relation to infant nutrition areintegrated into the maternal and child health care services. The program has expandedits range of services to include adolescent and older mothers, birthing support and thehealth needs of children 0–5 years. Transport is provided for mothers wanting to attendthe clinic and the midwife will visit mothers in their own homes.There is a high level of acceptance of, and involvement with the program. Trust hasbuilt up between the community and the Aboriginal Health Workers (Dorman 1997;Perkins 1998, Pholeros, Rainow and Torzillo 1993).The analyses in this section are based on data provided by the AIHW NationalPerinatal Statistics Unit. Each jurisdiction has a perinatal data collection in whichmidwives and other staff, using information obtained from mothers and fromhospital or other records, complete notification forms for each birth. Information onIndigenous people based on hospital records is limited by the accuracy with whichIndigenous people are identified in these records (see appendix 3). Not allIndigenous mothers are identified as Indigenous, therefore, not all births toIndigenous mothers are recorded as Indigenous.There are also problems with the reliability of data from jurisdictions with smallnumbers of babies born to Indigenous mothers. Caution needs to be exercised whenexamining data from these jurisdictions. The perinatal statistics do not record anyinformation about the father. Therefore, births in the Indigenous population reportedhere only include those from Indigenous mothers, and do not include births toIndigenous fathers and non-Indigenous mothers. In 2003, 27 per cent of Indigenous5.22 OVERCOMINGINDIGENOUSDISADVANTAGE 2007
abies had non-Indigenous mothers and Indigenous fathers (ABS and AIHW 2005,p. 78). Hence, these figures underestimate the total number of Indigenous babiesborn in a given period.Table 5.3.2Birthweight, by live births and fetal deaths, 2002–2004 a, bBirths to Indigenous mothers c Live births . Fetal deaths d. Total birthsMean birthweight (grams) 3 161 1 300 3 140no. % no. % no. %Low birthweight (
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© Commonwealth of Australia 2007IS
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ForewordIn 2003, when heads of Aust
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ContentsForewordContentsAcronyms an
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7.4 Juvenile diversions as a propor
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Acronyms and abbreviationsABSACDPAC
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LSAYLSICMCATSIAMCEETYAMOUNATSISNATS
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GlossaryAboriginalAge standardisedr
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ICDEquivalisedhousehold incomeIncom
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For example, the gross monthly inco
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StatisticalsignificanceStatistical
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In May 1997, I wrote to your predec
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situations of Aboriginal people and
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Other health outcomes deteriorated.
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• Indigenous owned or controlled
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Governments and Indigenous people h
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• on-going government support (in
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Source: ABS (2004b); table 3A.1.1.D
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Apparent retention rates of full ti
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The labour force participation rate
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Home ownership is an important econ
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Substantiated child abuse and negle
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Box 1.16KEY MESSAGES• Comparable
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Age standardised adult imprisonment
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Strategic areas for actionFunctiona
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Box 1.21Things that work• The Jab
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Box 1.25Things that work• Congres
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Box 1.28KEY MESSAGES• Data on too
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elationship between the number of d
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uilt upon, or interventions can ass
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Box 1.37KEY MESSAGES• In 2006, 8
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Box 1.41Things that work• The Cir
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Alcohol consumption at long term ri
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Box 1.47• In 2004-05:KEY MESSAGES
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Prisoners, by known prior adult imp
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Box 1.54Things that work• The Mar
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ceremonies, rituals and history. So
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Communication with service provider
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Hospitalisation rates for Indigenou
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Indigenous people 15 years and over
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Box 1.67Things that work• The Abo
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mining royalties and tourism), Indi
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Box 1.74KEY MESSAGES• Six determi
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Median (mid point) individual incom
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FUTURE DIRECTIONS IN DATANotwithsta
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1 IntroductionIn April 2002, the Co
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In order to provide a comprehensive
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Identify indicators that are of rel
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—— 2004-2007a, Report on Govern
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2 The frameworkThe first two sectio
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3. Strategic areas for actionGovern
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Headline indicatorsThe headline ind
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Figure 2.2.3 A preventive model —
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• Retention at year 9• Indigeno
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Similarly, the previous indicator
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In 2006, following publication of t
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Suggested cultural indicators were
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The ‘Economic participation and d
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• Survey data: surveys, such as t
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• 2004-05 National Health Survey
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—— 2004b, National Aboriginal a
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3 Headline indicatorsSafe, healthy
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specific death rates 1 ) continued
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while the life expectancy of Indige
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Table 3.1.2Age specific death rates
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• In the period 2001 to 2005, age
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Box 3.2.2‘Things that work’ - d
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In 2002, the proportion of Indigeno
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• Among older people (aged 55 yea
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people with at least one long-term
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Table 3.2.1Age standardised hospita
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wellbeing (and other positive healt
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Health and education are intimately
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Figure 3.3.2 Apparent retention rat
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Figure 3.3.4 Apparent retention rat
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• Nationally, the proportion of I
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• their health outcomes and their
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extent to which people over 18 year
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Post secondary attainmentOne measur
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• In 2005, the national load pass
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3.5 Labour force participation and
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communities where the labour market
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Figure 3.5.2 CDEP participation, In
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Table 3.5.1Labour force participati
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• Nationally, the labour force pa
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Figure 3.5.7 Unemployment rate of p
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Figure 3.5.9 Unemployment rate of p
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Figure 3.5.10 Long term unemploymen
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Chapter 12 of this Report discusses
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Box 3.6.2(continued)Median value is
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Figure 3.6.1 Median gross weekly eq
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the population into five equal grou
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Figure 3.6.5 Distribution of gross
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• Age-related patterns in income
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Box 3.7.2‘Things that work’ —
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easonably simple to derive and prov
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Figure 3.7.2 Proportion of Indigeno
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3.8 Suicide and self-harmBox 3.8.1K
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Box 3.8.2(continued)A study found t
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Figure 3.8.2 Intentional self-harm
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Figure 3.8.3 Average annual suicide
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• Analysis of data from the Top E
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healthy and supported by their fami
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Figure 3.9.1 Rate per 1000 children
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Figure 3.9.3 Children aged 0-16 yea
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Table 3.9.1Number of diagnoses of c
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Indigenous than non-Indigenous peop
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Figure 3.10.1 Homicide death rates,
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Figure 3.10.3 Average annual homici
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Table 3.10.1 Comparative statistics
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Patterns and trendsPatterns and tre
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Hospitalisations for assaultFigure
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The lack of a common definition mea
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Box 3.11.2 (continued)A key compone
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• Indigenous women reported highe
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Figure 3.11.2 SAAP support periods:
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New South WalesFigure 3.11.3 Victim
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VictoriaFigure 3.11.5 Victims recor
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non-Indigenous people (65.3 per cen
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Figure 3.11.7 Victim-offender relat
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Northern TerritoryTable 3.11.2 Vict
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murder the offender was ‘other’
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Box 3.12.2 (continued)Victoria’s
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People under 18 years are treated a
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Figure 3.12.1 Age standardised impr
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past five years, the rates of impri
Page 253 and 254: Juvenile detentionFigure 3.12.4 Juv
Page 255 and 256: • Nationally on 30 June 2005, the
Page 257 and 258: 3.11 Family and community violenceT
Page 259 and 260: Table 3A.3.10Table 3A.3.11Table 3A.
Page 261 and 262: 3.6 Household and individual income
Page 263 and 264: 3.11 Family and community violenceT
Page 265 and 266: Table 3A.11.46Table 3A.11.47Table 3
Page 267 and 268: —— and AIHW (Australian Institu
Page 269 and 270: http://www.who.int/hpr/NPH/docs/ott
Page 271 and 272: Hunter, B. and Gray, M. 1999, Furth
Page 273 and 274: Swan, P. and Raphael, B. 1995, Ways
Page 275 and 276: —— 2005, Through Young Black Ey
Page 277 and 278: —— 2006, Population by Age and
Page 279 and 280: 3.12 Imprisonment and juvenile dete
Page 281 and 282: 4 Strategic areas for action4.1 The
Page 283 and 284: 5 Early child development and growt
Page 285 and 286: cited in Couzos, Metcalf and Murray
Page 287 and 288: some Aboriginal communities are ass
Page 289 and 290: Box 5.1.2(continued)Growth Assessme
Page 291 and 292: preventable condition for which Ind
Page 293 and 294: Figure 5.1.2 Deaths from external c
Page 295 and 296: Box 5.2.2(continued)Between 1993-95
Page 297 and 298: Figure 5.2.2 Infant mortality, by I
Page 299 and 300: irth weight are compounded by high
Page 301 and 302: Box 5.3.2(continued)Strong Women, S
Page 303: Box 5.3.2(continued)The model was d
Page 307 and 308: 5.4 Hearing impedimentsBox 5.4.1Key
Page 309 and 310: Box 5.4.2(continued)• Chronic oti
Page 311 and 312: Box 5.4.3‘Things that work’ —
Page 313 and 314: Figure 5.4.2 Prevalence of otitis m
Page 315 and 316: • Although the hospitalisation ra
Page 317 and 318: Box 5.5.2‘Things that work’ —
Page 319 and 320: Table 5.5.1Children’s mean number
Page 321 and 322: • The percentage of Indigenous ch
Page 323 and 324: difference in scores between Indige
Page 325 and 326: • According to the 2002 Child Den
Page 327 and 328: • A greater proportion of Indigen
Page 329 and 330: Figure 5.5.5 Hospital dental proced
Page 331 and 332: The proposed Longitudinal Study of
Page 333 and 334: 5.8 References5 Early child develop
Page 335 and 336: Central Public Health Unit Network
Page 337 and 338: Mackerras D 1998, Evaluation of the
Page 339 and 340: Leach, A.J., Boswell, J.B., Asche,
Page 341 and 342: Harford, J., Spencer, J., Roberts-T
Page 343 and 344: 6 Early school engagement andperfor
Page 345 and 346: 2002). Gaps that appear in children
Page 347 and 348: Table 6.1.1Participation rates in p
Page 349 and 350: this approach was legal (DEWR 2006)
Page 351 and 352: • School participation rates are
Page 353 and 354: Box 6.3.2(continued)Scaffolding Lit
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Figure 6.3.2 Proportion of year 3 s
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Page 359 and 360:
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6.3 Year 3 literacy and numeracyTab
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Table 6A.3.46Table 6A.3.47Table 6A.
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NTDE (Northern Territory Department
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Young People, Curtin University of
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7 Positive childhood and transition
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In most states and territories, com
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Attachment tablesAttachment tables
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Nationally comparable learning outc
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Year 5 writingFigure 7.1.3 Proporti
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Year 5 numeracyFigure 7.1.5 Proport
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Year 7 readingFigure 7.1.7 Proporti
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Year 7 writingFigure 7.1.9 Proporti
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Year 7 numeracyFigure 7.1.11 Propor
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then year 7 in 2005, and be tested
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Figure 7.1.15 Proportion of year 3
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non-Indigenous children, reducing t
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7.3 Indigenous cultural studies in
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Box 7.3.2Bendigo Senior Secondary C
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Box 7.3.6Western Arrernte Picture D
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Table 7.3.1 Indigenous employment i
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Box 7.3.8RATEP — a community base
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Box 7.4.2(continued)• Police and
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New South WalesTable 7.4.1NSW, numb
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pattern was observed for non-Indige
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Figure 7.4.2 WA, Indigenous and non
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Figure 7.4.3 SA, proportion of Indi
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7.5 Transition from school to workB
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(see section 7.2 Retention at year
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studying, for both Indigenous and n
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• Similar patterns to those in th
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7.6 Future directions in dataYears
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Table 7A.4.12Table 7A.4.13Victoria,
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Paper National Benchmark Results Re
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Randell, N. (ed.) 2002, Including t
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and important correlates of crimina
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8.1 Alcohol consumption and harmBox
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Patterns of alcohol consumptionThe
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Figure 8.1.1 Alcohol consumption at
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• For both Indigenous and non-Ind
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Table 8.1.3Alcohol consumption at s
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Figure 8.1.4 Alcohol involvement in
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disability and behaviour problems (
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• hospitalisation rates for all c
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Data on tobacco use in this section
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current daily smokers than non-Indi
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Figure 8.2.4 Mothers reporting smok
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8.3 Drug and other substance use an
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In 2004-05, among Indigenous adults
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interventions, there had been a red
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Drug related crimeBroadly speaking,
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Figure 8.3.2 Drug influenced Indige
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• develop an appropriate methodol
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Strait Islander Peoples 2005, ABS C
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AIHW (Australian Institute of Healt
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Makkai T. and Payne J. 2003, Drugs
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• income• suicide and self-harm
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Following consultations in 2006, a
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An increased rate may also be due t
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Figure 9.1.1 Placement of Indigenou
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Box 9.2.2(continued)their local com
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Adult repeat offendingFigure 9.2.1
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• Nationally in 2006, 75.3 per ce
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69.0 per cent had been in prison pr
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juvenile justice system and 2 496 a
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juvenile justice system was dismiss
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chronic disease, early child develo
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Box 9.3.3‘Things that work’ —
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Table 9.3.1Expenditure on health ca
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Table 9.3.2Age standardised hospita
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presents hospitalisation rates for
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lower than those in 2001-02 for bot
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Figure 9.3.2 compares the length of
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non-remote areas were twice as like
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• A greater proportion of discret
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The following definitions of mental
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Box 9.4.2(continued)Aboriginal Ment
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• In 2004-05, 48.0 per cent of In
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• Life events or ‘stressors’
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• Over the period, the age-standa
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Table 9.4.2Indigenous standardised
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Death rates for mental and behaviou
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A WA study on prisoner health and m
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• The proportion of children at h
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Some Indigenous people living in ci
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Figure 9.5.3 Proportion of Indigeno
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were judged by their teachers to be
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Figure 9.6.2 Participation in exerc
Page 538 and 539:
Box 9.6.3Little Yuin Aboriginal Pre
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Box 9.6.6Athletics Australia ‘Ath
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Box 9.6.8(continued)The Australian
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discrete Aboriginal and Torres Stra
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Figure 9.7.3 How Indigenous people
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Figure 9.7.5 Communication with ser
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Indigenous communities. 2 The 2006
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with the 1993 Western Australian Ch
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Box 9.7.3Health Education Unit —
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Box 9.7.5Interpreter accreditation
Page 558 and 559:
Box 9.7.8Pre-hospital care in remot
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Participation in organised sport, a
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9.3 Access to primary health careTa
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age standardised, by remoteness are
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Table 9A.4.41Table 9A.4.42Table 9A.
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SHRG (Social Health Reference Group
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9.4 Mental healthABS (Australian Bu
Page 572 and 573:
Procter, N. 2005, ‘Parasuicide, s
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Daly, A.E. 2001, Implications of De
Page 576 and 577:
Menzies School of Health Research 2
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infrastructure as well as functioni
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some duplication, as patients can h
Page 582 and 583:
After adjusting for age differences
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Figure 10.1.2 Age standardised hosp
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Figure 10.1.3 Hospitalisation rates
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Figure 10.1.4 Death rates from dise
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In rural and remote areas, there is
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In June 2006, an estimated 510 000
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Figure 10.2.2 Experienced water int
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Types of sewerage systemsIn the 200
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Access to cooking, washing and toil
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The occupancy standard determines o
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• There were no statistically sig
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Figure 10.3.4 Proportion of Indigen
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10.2 Access to clean water and func
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Pholeros P., Rainow S. and Torzillo
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Indigenous owned land yields econom
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Box 11.1.2 ‘Things that work’
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Box 11.1.2 (continued)The success o
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Employment by full time/part time s
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Figure 11.1.3 Full time and part ti
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Figure 11.1.5 Full time and part ti
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Data on full time and part time emp
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• CDEP participation accounted fo
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people’s wellbeing (see section 1
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Box 11.2.2 Walking Tourism Business
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11.3 Indigenous owned or controlled
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The potential to derive economic be
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• land-based investments for capi
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Box 11.3.2 (continued)In 2006, fund
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Indigenous Land Use AgreementsIndig
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• Indigenous owned or controlled
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Figure 11.3.4 The growth of Indigen
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and corporate behaviour, and descri
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Box 11.4.2 ‘Things that work’
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Figure 11.4.1 Proportion of univers
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while the proportion of non-Indigen
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State and Territory data on the num
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areas of agreement, ‘governments
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Indigenous organisations, by and la
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• Coordination and decision makin
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Box 11.5.4 (continued)The Board of
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Box 11.5.6 (continued)3. Are effect
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Box 11.5.8 (continued)The Pitjantja
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Box 11.5.10 Governance trainingWuna
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• strategic policy and evaluation
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Box 11.5.13 Developing youth leader
Page 672 and 673:
third parties enter into an equal a
Page 674 and 675:
The OIPC red tape evaluation (OIPC
Page 676 and 677:
old. Some will be new’ (Cornell a
Page 678 and 679:
circumstances or risk profile of th
Page 680 and 681:
11.6 Future directions in dataEmplo
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Table 11A.1.10 Occupation skill lev
Page 684 and 685:
11.3 Indigenous owned or controlled
Page 686 and 687:
Gerritson, R. 2001, Community Capac
Page 688 and 689:
Reconciliation Australia 2006b, 200
Page 690 and 691:
Torres Strait Islander people compr
Page 692 and 693:
Labour force participation and unem
Page 694 and 695:
section 12.1). The files containing
Page 696 and 697:
Page 698 and 699:
Patterns of relative disadvantage b
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13.1.2 Differences between women an
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Figure 13.1.3 Relative disadvantage
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13.2 Associations between headline
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Figure 13.2.2 People aged 15 years
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Figure 13.2.4 People aged 15 years
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Box 13.3.1 (continued)For example,
Page 712 and 713:
• more common among unemployed pe
Page 714 and 715:
13.4 Notes on methodologyThe analys
Page 716 and 717:
13.22 OVERCOMINGINDIGENOUSDISADVANT
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• reviewing and re-engineering pr
Page 720 and 721:
The working group will consider how
Page 722 and 723:
Australian Government commentsThe f
Page 724 and 725:
New South Wales Government comments
Page 726 and 727:
Victorian Government commentsIn Oct
Page 728 and 729:
Queensland Government commentsThe Q
Page 730 and 731:
Western Australian Government comme
Page 732 and 733:
South Australian Government comment
Page 734 and 735:
Tasmanian Government commentsThe Ta
Page 736 and 737:
Australian Capital Territory Govern
Page 738 and 739:
Northern Territory Government comme
Page 740 and 741:
IMPLEMENTATION OFTHE FRAMEWORKA2.21
Page 742 and 743:
Figure A3.2 Proportion of the popul
Page 744 and 745:
• The proportion of the Indigenou
Page 746 and 747:
e disaggregated by different factor
Page 748 and 749:
identify when asked by police. Henc
Page 750 and 751:
Indicators Measures Data sources3 H
Page 752 and 753:
Indicator Measure Data source3.5 La
Page 754 and 755:
Indicator Measure Data source3.10 D
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Indicator Measure Data source5.5 Ch
Page 758 and 759:
Indicator Measure Data source7.5 Tr
Page 760 and 761:
Indicator Measure Data source9.2 Re
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Indicator Measure Data source9.5 Pr
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Indicator Measure Data source11 Eco
Page 766 and 767:
Acronyms and abbreviationsABSACERAI
Page 768:
Australia 1995-2003, Trends and Iss
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