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Box 5.5.3(continued)A broader Aboriginal Liaison Program was then established in late 2005 to build on theachievements in the north of Adelaide. The aim of the program is to improve oral healthoutcomes for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people by increasing the numberwho access dental care. Five Aboriginal Liaison Officers are currently working withlocal Aboriginal Health Services and Aboriginal communities to develop sustainablepathways for referring clients to dental services and to increase knowledge about oralhealth care (SA government unpublished).Tooth decay is measured as the sum of the number of untreated decayed teeth (D),missing teeth (M) extracted due to caries 8 , and filled teeth (F) restored followingcaries (that is DMFT = D+M+F). While DMFT is used for permanent (adult) teeth,dmft (in lower case) refers to infant teeth and is derived in the same way as DMFT.The indicator DMFT=0 (dmft=0 for infant teeth) refers to caries-free teeth and isused to refer to the number/proportion of teeth that are free of decay (Armfield andRoberts-Thomson 2004).The data for this indicator are sourced from four published articles prepared by theAustralian Research Centre for Population Oral Health (Ellershaw, Spencer andSlade 2005; Jamieson, Armfield and Roberts-Thomson 2006a, 2006b; Jamieson andRoberts-Thomson 2006). The first part of this section reports on the extent of toothdecay among Indigenous and non-Indigenous children enrolled in school dentalservices in NSW, SA and the NT (Jamieson, Armfield and Roberts-Thomson2006a). The second and third parts focus on the dental health of Indigenous andnon-Indigenous children in the NT (Jamieson, Armfield and Roberts-Thomson2006b) and SA (Ellershaw, Spencer and Slade 2005), respectively. The fourth partpresents hospital dental admission and procedure rates based on separations datafrom 1297 public and private hospitals located across Australia (Jamieson andRoberts-Thomson 2006).Indigenous children’s dental health in NSW, SA and the NT combinedMeasures of tooth decay for Indigenous and non-Indigenous children enrolled inschool dental services in metropolitan and rural NSW, SA and the NT presented intables 5.5.1 and 5.5.2 are based on data collected over three 12-month periods; 2000for NSW, 2002 for the NT, and 2003 for SA. Of the 326 099 children examined,10 743 (3.2 per cent) were Indigenous (Jamieson, Armfield andRoberts-Thomson 2006a).8 Dental caries is a technical term for tooth decay.5.36 OVERCOMINGINDIGENOUSDISADVANTAGE 2007
Table 5.5.1Children’s mean number of teeth with decay, by remotenessand age group, NSW, SA and the NT, selected years between2000 and 2003 aMetropolitanRuralIndigenous Non-Indigenous Indigenous Non-IndigenousAge Mean SE Mean SE Mean SE Mean SEMean dmft score (for infant teeth)4 years 2.89 0.33 1.31 0.03 3.56 0.19 1.39 0.055 years 2.63 0.20 1.20 0.01 4.13 0.15 1.68 0.036 years 2.74 0.18 1.42 0.02 4.09 0.15 1.82 0.037 years 2.09 0.13 1.44 0.01 3.43 0.12 1.86 0.028 years 2.20 0.15 1.48 0.02 3.16 0.11 1.87 0.039 years 1.98 0.12 1.26 0.01 2.28 0.09 1.60 0.0210 years 1.39 0.13 1.00 0.01 1.66 0.08 1.27 0.02Mean DMFT score (for permanent (adult) teeth)6 years 0.13 0.04 0.08 0.00 0.18 0.03 0.05 0.007 years 0.22 0.03 0.22 0.00 0.36 0.03 0.22 0.018 years 0.44 0.06 0.30 0.01 0.53 0.04 0.28 0.019 years 0.56 0.05 0.39 0.01 0.68 0.04 0.36 0.0110 years 0.77 0.08 0.47 0.01 1.00 0.06 0.44 0.0111 years 0.80 0.07 0.59 0.01 1.05 0.06 0.59 0.0112 years 1.08 0.11 0.77 0.01 1.33 0.09 0.70 0.0213 years 1.44 0.16 0.88 0.01 1.77 0.17 0.90 0.0114 years 1.83 0.31 1.18 0.03 2.27 0.24 1.19 0.04SE = Standard error.a D=number of untreated decayed teeth; M=number of missing teeth; F=number of filled teeth; DMFT=D+M+F(for permanent adult teeth); dmft refers to infant teeth and is derived in the same way as DMFT. The indicatorDMFT=0 (dmft=0 for infant teeth) refers to decay-free teeth.Source: Jamieson, Armfield and Roberts-Thomson (2006a); table 5A.5.1 and 5A.5.2.• The mean (average) number of infant teeth with decay was higher forIndigenous children than non-Indigenous children across all ages (from four to10 years) and for both metropolitan and rural areas (table 5.5.1).• The highest number of infant teeth with decay for Indigenous children was 2.89for children four years of age in metropolitan areas and 4.13 for five-year-oldIndigenous children living in rural areas (table 5.5.1).• The mean number of permanent (adult) teeth with decay was higher forIndigenous children than non-Indigenous children across all ages except forseven-year-olds in metropolitan areas (both had the same DMFT score of 0.22)(table 5.5.1).• The mean number of permanent teeth with decay for Indigenous children livingin metropolitan areas ranged from 0.13 for six-year-olds to 1.83 for 14-year-olds,compared with 0.08 for non-Indigenous six-year-olds and 1.18 fornon-Indigenous 14-year-olds (table 5.5.1).EARLY CHILDDEVELOPMENT ANDGROWTH5.37
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© Commonwealth of Australia 2007IS
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ForewordIn 2003, when heads of Aust
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ContentsForewordContentsAcronyms an
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7.4 Juvenile diversions as a propor
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Acronyms and abbreviationsABSACDPAC
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LSAYLSICMCATSIAMCEETYAMOUNATSISNATS
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GlossaryAboriginalAge standardisedr
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ICDEquivalisedhousehold incomeIncom
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For example, the gross monthly inco
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StatisticalsignificanceStatistical
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In May 1997, I wrote to your predec
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situations of Aboriginal people and
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Other health outcomes deteriorated.
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• Indigenous owned or controlled
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Governments and Indigenous people h
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• on-going government support (in
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Source: ABS (2004b); table 3A.1.1.D
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Apparent retention rates of full ti
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The labour force participation rate
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Home ownership is an important econ
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Substantiated child abuse and negle
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Box 1.16KEY MESSAGES• Comparable
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Age standardised adult imprisonment
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Strategic areas for actionFunctiona
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Box 1.21Things that work• The Jab
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Box 1.25Things that work• Congres
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Box 1.28KEY MESSAGES• Data on too
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elationship between the number of d
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uilt upon, or interventions can ass
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Box 1.37KEY MESSAGES• In 2006, 8
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Box 1.41Things that work• The Cir
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Alcohol consumption at long term ri
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Box 1.47• In 2004-05:KEY MESSAGES
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Prisoners, by known prior adult imp
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Box 1.54Things that work• The Mar
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ceremonies, rituals and history. So
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Communication with service provider
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Hospitalisation rates for Indigenou
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Indigenous people 15 years and over
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Box 1.67Things that work• The Abo
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mining royalties and tourism), Indi
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Box 1.74KEY MESSAGES• Six determi
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Median (mid point) individual incom
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FUTURE DIRECTIONS IN DATANotwithsta
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1 IntroductionIn April 2002, the Co
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In order to provide a comprehensive
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Identify indicators that are of rel
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—— 2004-2007a, Report on Govern
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2 The frameworkThe first two sectio
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3. Strategic areas for actionGovern
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Headline indicatorsThe headline ind
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Figure 2.2.3 A preventive model —
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• Retention at year 9• Indigeno
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Similarly, the previous indicator
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In 2006, following publication of t
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Suggested cultural indicators were
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The ‘Economic participation and d
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• Survey data: surveys, such as t
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• 2004-05 National Health Survey
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—— 2004b, National Aboriginal a
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3 Headline indicatorsSafe, healthy
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specific death rates 1 ) continued
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while the life expectancy of Indige
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Table 3.1.2Age specific death rates
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• In the period 2001 to 2005, age
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Box 3.2.2‘Things that work’ - d
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In 2002, the proportion of Indigeno
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• Among older people (aged 55 yea
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people with at least one long-term
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Table 3.2.1Age standardised hospita
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wellbeing (and other positive healt
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Health and education are intimately
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Figure 3.3.2 Apparent retention rat
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Figure 3.3.4 Apparent retention rat
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• Nationally, the proportion of I
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• their health outcomes and their
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extent to which people over 18 year
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Post secondary attainmentOne measur
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• In 2005, the national load pass
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3.5 Labour force participation and
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communities where the labour market
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Figure 3.5.2 CDEP participation, In
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Table 3.5.1Labour force participati
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• Nationally, the labour force pa
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Figure 3.5.7 Unemployment rate of p
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Figure 3.5.9 Unemployment rate of p
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Figure 3.5.10 Long term unemploymen
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Chapter 12 of this Report discusses
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Box 3.6.2(continued)Median value is
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Figure 3.6.1 Median gross weekly eq
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the population into five equal grou
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Figure 3.6.5 Distribution of gross
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• Age-related patterns in income
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Box 3.7.2‘Things that work’ —
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easonably simple to derive and prov
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Figure 3.7.2 Proportion of Indigeno
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3.8 Suicide and self-harmBox 3.8.1K
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Box 3.8.2(continued)A study found t
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Figure 3.8.2 Intentional self-harm
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Figure 3.8.3 Average annual suicide
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• Analysis of data from the Top E
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healthy and supported by their fami
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Figure 3.9.1 Rate per 1000 children
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Figure 3.9.3 Children aged 0-16 yea
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Table 3.9.1Number of diagnoses of c
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Indigenous than non-Indigenous peop
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Figure 3.10.1 Homicide death rates,
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Figure 3.10.3 Average annual homici
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Table 3.10.1 Comparative statistics
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Patterns and trendsPatterns and tre
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Hospitalisations for assaultFigure
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The lack of a common definition mea
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Box 3.11.2 (continued)A key compone
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• Indigenous women reported highe
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Figure 3.11.2 SAAP support periods:
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New South WalesFigure 3.11.3 Victim
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VictoriaFigure 3.11.5 Victims recor
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non-Indigenous people (65.3 per cen
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Figure 3.11.7 Victim-offender relat
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Northern TerritoryTable 3.11.2 Vict
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murder the offender was ‘other’
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Box 3.12.2 (continued)Victoria’s
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People under 18 years are treated a
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Figure 3.12.1 Age standardised impr
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past five years, the rates of impri
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Juvenile detentionFigure 3.12.4 Juv
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• Nationally on 30 June 2005, the
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3.11 Family and community violenceT
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Table 3A.3.10Table 3A.3.11Table 3A.
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3.6 Household and individual income
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3.11 Family and community violenceT
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Table 3A.11.46Table 3A.11.47Table 3
Page 267 and 268: —— and AIHW (Australian Institu
Page 269 and 270: http://www.who.int/hpr/NPH/docs/ott
Page 271 and 272: Hunter, B. and Gray, M. 1999, Furth
Page 273 and 274: Swan, P. and Raphael, B. 1995, Ways
Page 275 and 276: —— 2005, Through Young Black Ey
Page 277 and 278: —— 2006, Population by Age and
Page 279 and 280: 3.12 Imprisonment and juvenile dete
Page 281 and 282: 4 Strategic areas for action4.1 The
Page 283 and 284: 5 Early child development and growt
Page 285 and 286: cited in Couzos, Metcalf and Murray
Page 287 and 288: some Aboriginal communities are ass
Page 289 and 290: Box 5.1.2(continued)Growth Assessme
Page 291 and 292: preventable condition for which Ind
Page 293 and 294: Figure 5.1.2 Deaths from external c
Page 295 and 296: Box 5.2.2(continued)Between 1993-95
Page 297 and 298: Figure 5.2.2 Infant mortality, by I
Page 299 and 300: irth weight are compounded by high
Page 301 and 302: Box 5.3.2(continued)Strong Women, S
Page 303 and 304: Box 5.3.2(continued)The model was d
Page 305 and 306: abies had non-Indigenous mothers an
Page 307 and 308: 5.4 Hearing impedimentsBox 5.4.1Key
Page 309 and 310: Box 5.4.2(continued)• Chronic oti
Page 311 and 312: Box 5.4.3‘Things that work’ —
Page 313 and 314: Figure 5.4.2 Prevalence of otitis m
Page 315 and 316: • Although the hospitalisation ra
Page 317: Box 5.5.2‘Things that work’ —
Page 321 and 322: • The percentage of Indigenous ch
Page 323 and 324: difference in scores between Indige
Page 325 and 326: • According to the 2002 Child Den
Page 327 and 328: • A greater proportion of Indigen
Page 329 and 330: Figure 5.5.5 Hospital dental proced
Page 331 and 332: The proposed Longitudinal Study of
Page 333 and 334: 5.8 References5 Early child develop
Page 335 and 336: Central Public Health Unit Network
Page 337 and 338: Mackerras D 1998, Evaluation of the
Page 339 and 340: Leach, A.J., Boswell, J.B., Asche,
Page 341 and 342: Harford, J., Spencer, J., Roberts-T
Page 343 and 344: 6 Early school engagement andperfor
Page 345 and 346: 2002). Gaps that appear in children
Page 347 and 348: Table 6.1.1Participation rates in p
Page 349 and 350: this approach was legal (DEWR 2006)
Page 351 and 352: • School participation rates are
Page 353 and 354: Box 6.3.2(continued)Scaffolding Lit
Page 355 and 356: Figure 6.3.2 Proportion of year 3 s
Page 361 and 362: 6.3 Year 3 literacy and numeracyTab
Page 363 and 364: Table 6A.3.46Table 6A.3.47Table 6A.
Page 365 and 366: NTDE (Northern Territory Department
Page 367 and 368: Young People, Curtin University of
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7 Positive childhood and transition
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In most states and territories, com
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Attachment tablesAttachment tables
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Nationally comparable learning outc
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Year 5 writingFigure 7.1.3 Proporti
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Year 5 numeracyFigure 7.1.5 Proport
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Year 7 readingFigure 7.1.7 Proporti
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Year 7 writingFigure 7.1.9 Proporti
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Year 7 numeracyFigure 7.1.11 Propor
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then year 7 in 2005, and be tested
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Figure 7.1.15 Proportion of year 3
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non-Indigenous children, reducing t
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7.3 Indigenous cultural studies in
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Box 7.3.2Bendigo Senior Secondary C
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Box 7.3.6Western Arrernte Picture D
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Table 7.3.1 Indigenous employment i
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Box 7.3.8RATEP — a community base
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Box 7.4.2(continued)• Police and
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New South WalesTable 7.4.1NSW, numb
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pattern was observed for non-Indige
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Figure 7.4.2 WA, Indigenous and non
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Figure 7.4.3 SA, proportion of Indi
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7.5 Transition from school to workB
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(see section 7.2 Retention at year
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studying, for both Indigenous and n
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• Similar patterns to those in th
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7.6 Future directions in dataYears
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Table 7A.4.12Table 7A.4.13Victoria,
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Paper National Benchmark Results Re
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Randell, N. (ed.) 2002, Including t
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and important correlates of crimina
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8.1 Alcohol consumption and harmBox
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Patterns of alcohol consumptionThe
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Figure 8.1.1 Alcohol consumption at
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• For both Indigenous and non-Ind
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Table 8.1.3Alcohol consumption at s
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Figure 8.1.4 Alcohol involvement in
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disability and behaviour problems (
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• hospitalisation rates for all c
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Data on tobacco use in this section
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current daily smokers than non-Indi
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Figure 8.2.4 Mothers reporting smok
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8.3 Drug and other substance use an
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In 2004-05, among Indigenous adults
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interventions, there had been a red
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Drug related crimeBroadly speaking,
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Figure 8.3.2 Drug influenced Indige
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• develop an appropriate methodol
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Strait Islander Peoples 2005, ABS C
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AIHW (Australian Institute of Healt
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Makkai T. and Payne J. 2003, Drugs
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• income• suicide and self-harm
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Following consultations in 2006, a
Page 476 and 477:
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An increased rate may also be due t
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Figure 9.1.1 Placement of Indigenou
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Box 9.2.2(continued)their local com
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Adult repeat offendingFigure 9.2.1
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• Nationally in 2006, 75.3 per ce
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69.0 per cent had been in prison pr
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juvenile justice system and 2 496 a
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juvenile justice system was dismiss
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chronic disease, early child develo
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Box 9.3.3‘Things that work’ —
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Table 9.3.1Expenditure on health ca
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Table 9.3.2Age standardised hospita
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presents hospitalisation rates for
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lower than those in 2001-02 for bot
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Figure 9.3.2 compares the length of
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non-remote areas were twice as like
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• A greater proportion of discret
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The following definitions of mental
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Box 9.4.2(continued)Aboriginal Ment
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• In 2004-05, 48.0 per cent of In
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• Life events or ‘stressors’
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• Over the period, the age-standa
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Table 9.4.2Indigenous standardised
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Death rates for mental and behaviou
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A WA study on prisoner health and m
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• The proportion of children at h
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Some Indigenous people living in ci
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Figure 9.5.3 Proportion of Indigeno
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were judged by their teachers to be
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Figure 9.6.2 Participation in exerc
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Box 9.6.3Little Yuin Aboriginal Pre
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Box 9.6.6Athletics Australia ‘Ath
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Box 9.6.8(continued)The Australian
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discrete Aboriginal and Torres Stra
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Figure 9.7.3 How Indigenous people
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Figure 9.7.5 Communication with ser
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Indigenous communities. 2 The 2006
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with the 1993 Western Australian Ch
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Box 9.7.3Health Education Unit —
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Box 9.7.5Interpreter accreditation
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Box 9.7.8Pre-hospital care in remot
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Participation in organised sport, a
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9.3 Access to primary health careTa
Page 564 and 565:
age standardised, by remoteness are
Page 566 and 567:
Table 9A.4.41Table 9A.4.42Table 9A.
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SHRG (Social Health Reference Group
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9.4 Mental healthABS (Australian Bu
Page 572 and 573:
Procter, N. 2005, ‘Parasuicide, s
Page 574 and 575:
Daly, A.E. 2001, Implications of De
Page 576 and 577:
Menzies School of Health Research 2
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infrastructure as well as functioni
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some duplication, as patients can h
Page 582 and 583:
After adjusting for age differences
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Figure 10.1.2 Age standardised hosp
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Figure 10.1.3 Hospitalisation rates
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Figure 10.1.4 Death rates from dise
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In rural and remote areas, there is
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In June 2006, an estimated 510 000
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Figure 10.2.2 Experienced water int
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Types of sewerage systemsIn the 200
Page 598 and 599:
Access to cooking, washing and toil
Page 600 and 601:
The occupancy standard determines o
Page 602 and 603:
• There were no statistically sig
Page 604 and 605:
Figure 10.3.4 Proportion of Indigen
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10.2 Access to clean water and func
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Pholeros P., Rainow S. and Torzillo
Page 610 and 611:
Indigenous owned land yields econom
Page 612 and 613:
Box 11.1.2 ‘Things that work’
Page 614 and 615:
Box 11.1.2 (continued)The success o
Page 616 and 617:
Employment by full time/part time s
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Figure 11.1.3 Full time and part ti
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Figure 11.1.5 Full time and part ti
Page 622 and 623:
Data on full time and part time emp
Page 624 and 625:
• CDEP participation accounted fo
Page 626 and 627:
people’s wellbeing (see section 1
Page 628 and 629:
Box 11.2.2 Walking Tourism Business
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11.3 Indigenous owned or controlled
Page 632 and 633:
The potential to derive economic be
Page 634 and 635:
• land-based investments for capi
Page 636 and 637:
Box 11.3.2 (continued)In 2006, fund
Page 638 and 639:
Indigenous Land Use AgreementsIndig
Page 640 and 641:
• Indigenous owned or controlled
Page 642 and 643:
Figure 11.3.4 The growth of Indigen
Page 644 and 645:
and corporate behaviour, and descri
Page 646 and 647:
Box 11.4.2 ‘Things that work’
Page 648 and 649:
Figure 11.4.1 Proportion of univers
Page 650 and 651:
while the proportion of non-Indigen
Page 652 and 653:
State and Territory data on the num
Page 654 and 655:
areas of agreement, ‘governments
Page 656 and 657:
Indigenous organisations, by and la
Page 658 and 659:
• Coordination and decision makin
Page 660 and 661:
Box 11.5.4 (continued)The Board of
Page 662 and 663:
Box 11.5.6 (continued)3. Are effect
Page 664 and 665:
Box 11.5.8 (continued)The Pitjantja
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Box 11.5.10 Governance trainingWuna
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• strategic policy and evaluation
Page 670 and 671:
Box 11.5.13 Developing youth leader
Page 672 and 673:
third parties enter into an equal a
Page 674 and 675:
The OIPC red tape evaluation (OIPC
Page 676 and 677:
old. Some will be new’ (Cornell a
Page 678 and 679:
circumstances or risk profile of th
Page 680 and 681:
11.6 Future directions in dataEmplo
Page 682 and 683:
Table 11A.1.10 Occupation skill lev
Page 684 and 685:
11.3 Indigenous owned or controlled
Page 686 and 687:
Gerritson, R. 2001, Community Capac
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Reconciliation Australia 2006b, 200
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Torres Strait Islander people compr
Page 692 and 693:
Labour force participation and unem
Page 694 and 695:
section 12.1). The files containing
Page 696 and 697:
Page 698 and 699:
Patterns of relative disadvantage b
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13.1.2 Differences between women an
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Figure 13.1.3 Relative disadvantage
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13.2 Associations between headline
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Figure 13.2.2 People aged 15 years
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Figure 13.2.4 People aged 15 years
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Box 13.3.1 (continued)For example,
Page 712 and 713:
• more common among unemployed pe
Page 714 and 715:
13.4 Notes on methodologyThe analys
Page 716 and 717:
13.22 OVERCOMINGINDIGENOUSDISADVANT
Page 718 and 719:
• reviewing and re-engineering pr
Page 720 and 721:
The working group will consider how
Page 722 and 723:
Australian Government commentsThe f
Page 724 and 725:
New South Wales Government comments
Page 726 and 727:
Victorian Government commentsIn Oct
Page 728 and 729:
Queensland Government commentsThe Q
Page 730 and 731:
Western Australian Government comme
Page 732 and 733:
South Australian Government comment
Page 734 and 735:
Tasmanian Government commentsThe Ta
Page 736 and 737:
Australian Capital Territory Govern
Page 738 and 739:
Northern Territory Government comme
Page 740 and 741:
IMPLEMENTATION OFTHE FRAMEWORKA2.21
Page 742 and 743:
Figure A3.2 Proportion of the popul
Page 744 and 745:
• The proportion of the Indigenou
Page 746 and 747:
e disaggregated by different factor
Page 748 and 749:
identify when asked by police. Henc
Page 750 and 751:
Indicators Measures Data sources3 H
Page 752 and 753:
Indicator Measure Data source3.5 La
Page 754 and 755:
Indicator Measure Data source3.10 D
Page 756 and 757:
Indicator Measure Data source5.5 Ch
Page 758 and 759:
Indicator Measure Data source7.5 Tr
Page 760 and 761:
Indicator Measure Data source9.2 Re
Page 762 and 763:
Indicator Measure Data source9.5 Pr
Page 764 and 765:
Indicator Measure Data source11 Eco
Page 766 and 767:
Acronyms and abbreviationsABSACERAI
Page 768:
Australia 1995-2003, Trends and Iss
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