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Menzies School of Health Research 2006, ‘Yarning about Mental Health’ duringInternational Mental Health Week, Media release, NT, 11 October.Morgan Disney & Associates Pty. Ltd, Tracey Whetnall Consulting and Wis-WeiConsulting Pty Ltd 2007, Synopsis Review of the COAG Trial Evaluations,Report to the Office of Indigenous Policy Coordination (OIPC) November 2006,Canberra, http://oipc.gov.au/publications/default.asp.Siegel, N. 2002, Bush Court: administering criminal court process and correctiveservices in remote Aboriginal communities, paper presented at the CrimePrevention Conference convened by the Australian Institute of Criminology andthe Crime Prevention Branch, Commonwealth Attorney-General’s Department,Sydney, 12–13 September.Silburn, S.R., Zubrick, S.R., De Maio, J.A., Shepherd, C., Griffin, J.A., Mitrou,F.G., Dalby, R.B., Hayward, C. and Pearson, G. 2006, The Western AustralianAboriginal Child Health Survey: Strengthening the Capacity of AboriginalChildren, Families and Communities, Curtin University of Technology andTelethon Institute for Child Health Research, Perth.SCRGSP (Steering Committee for the Review of Government Service Provision2007, Framework for Reporting on Indigenous Disadvantage (Report onConsultations 2006), Productivity Commission, Melbourne.Trudgen, J. 2000, Why Warriors Lie Down and Die: Towards an Understanding ofWhy the Aboriginal People of Arnhem Land Face the Greatest Crisis in Healthand Education since European Contact : Djambatj Mala, Aboriginal Resourceand Development Services, Darwin.Urbis Keys Young 2006, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Access to MajorHealth Programs, Medicare Australia and the Department of Health and Ageing,Canberra.Zubrick, S.R., Silburn, S.R., Lawrence, D.M., Mitrou, F.G., Dalby, R.B., Blair,E.M., Griffin, J., Milroy, H., De Maio, J.A., Cox, A. and Li, J. 2005, TheWestern Australian Aboriginal Child Health Survey: The Social and EmotionalWellbeing of Aboriginal Children and Young People, Curtin University ofTechnology and Telethon Institute for Child Health Research, Perth.OVERCOMINGINDIGENOUSDISADVANTAGE 2007
10 Effective environmental healthsystemsStrategic areas for actionEarly childdevelopmentand growth(prenatal toage 3)Early schoolengagementandperformance(preschool toyear 3)PositivechildhoodandtransitiontoadulthoodSubstanceuse andmisuseFunctionaland resilientfamilies andcommunitiesEffectiveenvironmentalhealth systemsEconomicparticipationanddevelopment- Rates of diseases associated with poor environmental health (includingwater and food borne diseases, trachoma, tuberculosis and rheumatic heartdisease)- Access to clean water and functional sewerage- Overcrowding in housingA wide range of factors influence people’s health and wellbeing. This sectioncovers some of the key environmental influences on health, such as access to cleanwater, functional sewerage and appropriate housing conditions. These factors aresometimes referred to as ‘health hardware’ (DFACS 2003), and were identified,along with food supplies, as the key determinants of Indigenous ill health in theNational Environmental Health Strategy (DHAC 1999). Many other environmentalfactors also influence health; for example, air quality, noise pollution, occupationalhealth, food quality and pest control.Some of the diseases that tend to have environmental causes are tuberculosis,rheumatic heart disease, respiratory diseases, urinary tract infections, kidney stones,intestinal worms, trachoma and intestinal infectious diseases (DHAC 1999;Pholeros, Rainow and Torzillo 1993). Social and biological factors also play a role(for example, vaccination against influenza, and nutrition and diabetes for generalimmunity to bacterial infections). Data on environment related diseases areexamined in section 10.1.A clean, sufficient and reliable supply of water is needed for drinking, hygienicfood preparation and washing of people, clothes and bedding. Functional seweragesystems ensure that sewage does not contaminate drinking water supplies and isdisposed of appropriately to prevent contact with people. Access to clean water andfunctional sewerage requires a combination of both functioning communityEFFECTIVEENVIRONMENTALHEALTH SYSTEMS10.1
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© Commonwealth of Australia 2007IS
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ForewordIn 2003, when heads of Aust
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ContentsForewordContentsAcronyms an
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7.4 Juvenile diversions as a propor
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Acronyms and abbreviationsABSACDPAC
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LSAYLSICMCATSIAMCEETYAMOUNATSISNATS
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GlossaryAboriginalAge standardisedr
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ICDEquivalisedhousehold incomeIncom
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For example, the gross monthly inco
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StatisticalsignificanceStatistical
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In May 1997, I wrote to your predec
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situations of Aboriginal people and
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Other health outcomes deteriorated.
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• Indigenous owned or controlled
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Governments and Indigenous people h
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• on-going government support (in
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Source: ABS (2004b); table 3A.1.1.D
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Apparent retention rates of full ti
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The labour force participation rate
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Home ownership is an important econ
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Substantiated child abuse and negle
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Box 1.16KEY MESSAGES• Comparable
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Age standardised adult imprisonment
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Strategic areas for actionFunctiona
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Box 1.21Things that work• The Jab
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Box 1.25Things that work• Congres
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Box 1.28KEY MESSAGES• Data on too
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elationship between the number of d
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uilt upon, or interventions can ass
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Box 1.37KEY MESSAGES• In 2006, 8
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Box 1.41Things that work• The Cir
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Alcohol consumption at long term ri
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Box 1.47• In 2004-05:KEY MESSAGES
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Prisoners, by known prior adult imp
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Box 1.54Things that work• The Mar
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ceremonies, rituals and history. So
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Communication with service provider
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Hospitalisation rates for Indigenou
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Indigenous people 15 years and over
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Box 1.67Things that work• The Abo
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mining royalties and tourism), Indi
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Box 1.74KEY MESSAGES• Six determi
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Median (mid point) individual incom
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FUTURE DIRECTIONS IN DATANotwithsta
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1 IntroductionIn April 2002, the Co
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In order to provide a comprehensive
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Identify indicators that are of rel
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—— 2004-2007a, Report on Govern
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2 The frameworkThe first two sectio
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3. Strategic areas for actionGovern
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Headline indicatorsThe headline ind
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Figure 2.2.3 A preventive model —
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• Retention at year 9• Indigeno
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Similarly, the previous indicator
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In 2006, following publication of t
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Suggested cultural indicators were
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The ‘Economic participation and d
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• Survey data: surveys, such as t
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• 2004-05 National Health Survey
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—— 2004b, National Aboriginal a
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3 Headline indicatorsSafe, healthy
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specific death rates 1 ) continued
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while the life expectancy of Indige
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Table 3.1.2Age specific death rates
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• In the period 2001 to 2005, age
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Box 3.2.2‘Things that work’ - d
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In 2002, the proportion of Indigeno
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• Among older people (aged 55 yea
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people with at least one long-term
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Table 3.2.1Age standardised hospita
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wellbeing (and other positive healt
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Health and education are intimately
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Figure 3.3.2 Apparent retention rat
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Figure 3.3.4 Apparent retention rat
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• Nationally, the proportion of I
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• their health outcomes and their
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extent to which people over 18 year
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Post secondary attainmentOne measur
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• In 2005, the national load pass
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3.5 Labour force participation and
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communities where the labour market
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Figure 3.5.2 CDEP participation, In
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Table 3.5.1Labour force participati
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• Nationally, the labour force pa
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Figure 3.5.7 Unemployment rate of p
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Figure 3.5.9 Unemployment rate of p
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Figure 3.5.10 Long term unemploymen
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Chapter 12 of this Report discusses
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Box 3.6.2(continued)Median value is
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Figure 3.6.1 Median gross weekly eq
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the population into five equal grou
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Figure 3.6.5 Distribution of gross
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• Age-related patterns in income
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Box 3.7.2‘Things that work’ —
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easonably simple to derive and prov
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Figure 3.7.2 Proportion of Indigeno
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3.8 Suicide and self-harmBox 3.8.1K
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Box 3.8.2(continued)A study found t
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Figure 3.8.2 Intentional self-harm
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Figure 3.8.3 Average annual suicide
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• Analysis of data from the Top E
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healthy and supported by their fami
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Figure 3.9.1 Rate per 1000 children
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Figure 3.9.3 Children aged 0-16 yea
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Table 3.9.1Number of diagnoses of c
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Indigenous than non-Indigenous peop
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Figure 3.10.1 Homicide death rates,
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Figure 3.10.3 Average annual homici
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Table 3.10.1 Comparative statistics
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Patterns and trendsPatterns and tre
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Hospitalisations for assaultFigure
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The lack of a common definition mea
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Box 3.11.2 (continued)A key compone
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• Indigenous women reported highe
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Figure 3.11.2 SAAP support periods:
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New South WalesFigure 3.11.3 Victim
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VictoriaFigure 3.11.5 Victims recor
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non-Indigenous people (65.3 per cen
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Figure 3.11.7 Victim-offender relat
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Northern TerritoryTable 3.11.2 Vict
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murder the offender was ‘other’
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Box 3.12.2 (continued)Victoria’s
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People under 18 years are treated a
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Figure 3.12.1 Age standardised impr
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past five years, the rates of impri
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Juvenile detentionFigure 3.12.4 Juv
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• Nationally on 30 June 2005, the
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3.11 Family and community violenceT
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Table 3A.3.10Table 3A.3.11Table 3A.
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3.6 Household and individual income
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3.11 Family and community violenceT
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Table 3A.11.46Table 3A.11.47Table 3
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—— and AIHW (Australian Institu
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http://www.who.int/hpr/NPH/docs/ott
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Hunter, B. and Gray, M. 1999, Furth
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Swan, P. and Raphael, B. 1995, Ways
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—— 2005, Through Young Black Ey
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—— 2006, Population by Age and
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3.12 Imprisonment and juvenile dete
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4 Strategic areas for action4.1 The
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5 Early child development and growt
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cited in Couzos, Metcalf and Murray
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some Aboriginal communities are ass
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Box 5.1.2(continued)Growth Assessme
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preventable condition for which Ind
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Figure 5.1.2 Deaths from external c
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Box 5.2.2(continued)Between 1993-95
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Figure 5.2.2 Infant mortality, by I
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irth weight are compounded by high
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Box 5.3.2(continued)Strong Women, S
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Box 5.3.2(continued)The model was d
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abies had non-Indigenous mothers an
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5.4 Hearing impedimentsBox 5.4.1Key
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Box 5.4.2(continued)• Chronic oti
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Figure 5.4.2 Prevalence of otitis m
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• Although the hospitalisation ra
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Table 5.5.1Children’s mean number
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• The percentage of Indigenous ch
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difference in scores between Indige
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• According to the 2002 Child Den
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• A greater proportion of Indigen
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Figure 5.5.5 Hospital dental proced
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The proposed Longitudinal Study of
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5.8 References5 Early child develop
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Central Public Health Unit Network
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Mackerras D 1998, Evaluation of the
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Leach, A.J., Boswell, J.B., Asche,
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Harford, J., Spencer, J., Roberts-T
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6 Early school engagement andperfor
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2002). Gaps that appear in children
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Table 6.1.1Participation rates in p
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this approach was legal (DEWR 2006)
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• School participation rates are
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Box 6.3.2(continued)Scaffolding Lit
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Figure 6.3.2 Proportion of year 3 s
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6.3 Year 3 literacy and numeracyTab
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Table 6A.3.46Table 6A.3.47Table 6A.
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NTDE (Northern Territory Department
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Young People, Curtin University of
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7 Positive childhood and transition
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In most states and territories, com
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Attachment tablesAttachment tables
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Nationally comparable learning outc
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Year 5 writingFigure 7.1.3 Proporti
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Year 5 numeracyFigure 7.1.5 Proport
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Year 7 readingFigure 7.1.7 Proporti
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Year 7 writingFigure 7.1.9 Proporti
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Year 7 numeracyFigure 7.1.11 Propor
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then year 7 in 2005, and be tested
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Figure 7.1.15 Proportion of year 3
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non-Indigenous children, reducing t
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7.3 Indigenous cultural studies in
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Box 7.3.2Bendigo Senior Secondary C
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Box 7.3.6Western Arrernte Picture D
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Table 7.3.1 Indigenous employment i
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Box 7.3.8RATEP — a community base
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Box 7.4.2(continued)• Police and
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New South WalesTable 7.4.1NSW, numb
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pattern was observed for non-Indige
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Figure 7.4.2 WA, Indigenous and non
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Figure 7.4.3 SA, proportion of Indi
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7.5 Transition from school to workB
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(see section 7.2 Retention at year
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studying, for both Indigenous and n
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• Similar patterns to those in th
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7.6 Future directions in dataYears
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Table 7A.4.12Table 7A.4.13Victoria,
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Paper National Benchmark Results Re
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Randell, N. (ed.) 2002, Including t
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and important correlates of crimina
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8.1 Alcohol consumption and harmBox
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Patterns of alcohol consumptionThe
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Figure 8.1.1 Alcohol consumption at
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• For both Indigenous and non-Ind
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Table 8.1.3Alcohol consumption at s
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Figure 8.1.4 Alcohol involvement in
Page 444 and 445:
disability and behaviour problems (
Page 446 and 447:
• hospitalisation rates for all c
Page 448 and 449:
Data on tobacco use in this section
Page 450 and 451:
current daily smokers than non-Indi
Page 452 and 453:
Figure 8.2.4 Mothers reporting smok
Page 454 and 455:
8.3 Drug and other substance use an
Page 456 and 457:
In 2004-05, among Indigenous adults
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interventions, there had been a red
Page 460 and 461:
Drug related crimeBroadly speaking,
Page 462 and 463:
Figure 8.3.2 Drug influenced Indige
Page 464 and 465:
• develop an appropriate methodol
Page 466 and 467:
Strait Islander Peoples 2005, ABS C
Page 468 and 469:
AIHW (Australian Institute of Healt
Page 470 and 471:
Makkai T. and Payne J. 2003, Drugs
Page 472 and 473:
• income• suicide and self-harm
Page 474 and 475:
Following consultations in 2006, a
Page 476 and 477:
Page 478 and 479:
An increased rate may also be due t
Page 480 and 481:
Figure 9.1.1 Placement of Indigenou
Page 482 and 483:
Box 9.2.2(continued)their local com
Page 484 and 485:
Adult repeat offendingFigure 9.2.1
Page 486 and 487:
• Nationally in 2006, 75.3 per ce
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69.0 per cent had been in prison pr
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juvenile justice system and 2 496 a
Page 492 and 493:
juvenile justice system was dismiss
Page 494 and 495:
chronic disease, early child develo
Page 496 and 497:
Page 498 and 499:
Table 9.3.1Expenditure on health ca
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Table 9.3.2Age standardised hospita
Page 502 and 503:
presents hospitalisation rates for
Page 504 and 505:
lower than those in 2001-02 for bot
Page 506 and 507:
Figure 9.3.2 compares the length of
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non-remote areas were twice as like
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• A greater proportion of discret
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The following definitions of mental
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Box 9.4.2(continued)Aboriginal Ment
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• In 2004-05, 48.0 per cent of In
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• Life events or ‘stressors’
Page 520 and 521:
• Over the period, the age-standa
Page 522 and 523:
Table 9.4.2Indigenous standardised
Page 524 and 525:
Death rates for mental and behaviou
Page 526 and 527: A WA study on prisoner health and m
Page 528 and 529: • The proportion of children at h
Page 530 and 531: Some Indigenous people living in ci
Page 532 and 533: Figure 9.5.3 Proportion of Indigeno
Page 534 and 535: were judged by their teachers to be
Page 536 and 537: Figure 9.6.2 Participation in exerc
Page 538 and 539: Box 9.6.3Little Yuin Aboriginal Pre
Page 540 and 541: Box 9.6.6Athletics Australia ‘Ath
Page 542 and 543: Box 9.6.8(continued)The Australian
Page 544 and 545: discrete Aboriginal and Torres Stra
Page 546 and 547: Figure 9.7.3 How Indigenous people
Page 548 and 549: Figure 9.7.5 Communication with ser
Page 550 and 551: Indigenous communities. 2 The 2006
Page 552 and 553: with the 1993 Western Australian Ch
Page 554 and 555: Box 9.7.3Health Education Unit —
Page 556 and 557: Box 9.7.5Interpreter accreditation
Page 558 and 559: Box 9.7.8Pre-hospital care in remot
Page 560 and 561: Participation in organised sport, a
Page 562 and 563: 9.3 Access to primary health careTa
Page 564 and 565: age standardised, by remoteness are
Page 566 and 567: Table 9A.4.41Table 9A.4.42Table 9A.
Page 568 and 569: SHRG (Social Health Reference Group
Page 570 and 571: 9.4 Mental healthABS (Australian Bu
Page 572 and 573: Procter, N. 2005, ‘Parasuicide, s
Page 574 and 575: Daly, A.E. 2001, Implications of De
Page 578 and 579: infrastructure as well as functioni
Page 580 and 581: some duplication, as patients can h
Page 582 and 583: After adjusting for age differences
Page 584 and 585: Figure 10.1.2 Age standardised hosp
Page 586 and 587: Figure 10.1.3 Hospitalisation rates
Page 588 and 589: Figure 10.1.4 Death rates from dise
Page 590 and 591: In rural and remote areas, there is
Page 592 and 593: In June 2006, an estimated 510 000
Page 594 and 595: Figure 10.2.2 Experienced water int
Page 596 and 597: Types of sewerage systemsIn the 200
Page 598 and 599: Access to cooking, washing and toil
Page 600 and 601: The occupancy standard determines o
Page 602 and 603: • There were no statistically sig
Page 604 and 605: Figure 10.3.4 Proportion of Indigen
Page 606 and 607: 10.2 Access to clean water and func
Page 608 and 609: Pholeros P., Rainow S. and Torzillo
Page 610 and 611: Indigenous owned land yields econom
Page 612 and 613: Box 11.1.2 ‘Things that work’
Page 614 and 615: Box 11.1.2 (continued)The success o
Page 616 and 617: Employment by full time/part time s
Page 618 and 619: Figure 11.1.3 Full time and part ti
Page 620 and 621: Figure 11.1.5 Full time and part ti
Page 622 and 623: Data on full time and part time emp
Page 624 and 625: • CDEP participation accounted fo
Page 626 and 627:
people’s wellbeing (see section 1
Page 628 and 629:
Box 11.2.2 Walking Tourism Business
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11.3 Indigenous owned or controlled
Page 632 and 633:
The potential to derive economic be
Page 634 and 635:
• land-based investments for capi
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Box 11.3.2 (continued)In 2006, fund
Page 638 and 639:
Indigenous Land Use AgreementsIndig
Page 640 and 641:
• Indigenous owned or controlled
Page 642 and 643:
Figure 11.3.4 The growth of Indigen
Page 644 and 645:
and corporate behaviour, and descri
Page 646 and 647:
Box 11.4.2 ‘Things that work’
Page 648 and 649:
Figure 11.4.1 Proportion of univers
Page 650 and 651:
while the proportion of non-Indigen
Page 652 and 653:
State and Territory data on the num
Page 654 and 655:
areas of agreement, ‘governments
Page 656 and 657:
Indigenous organisations, by and la
Page 658 and 659:
• Coordination and decision makin
Page 660 and 661:
Box 11.5.4 (continued)The Board of
Page 662 and 663:
Box 11.5.6 (continued)3. Are effect
Page 664 and 665:
Box 11.5.8 (continued)The Pitjantja
Page 666 and 667:
Box 11.5.10 Governance trainingWuna
Page 668 and 669:
• strategic policy and evaluation
Page 670 and 671:
Box 11.5.13 Developing youth leader
Page 672 and 673:
third parties enter into an equal a
Page 674 and 675:
The OIPC red tape evaluation (OIPC
Page 676 and 677:
old. Some will be new’ (Cornell a
Page 678 and 679:
circumstances or risk profile of th
Page 680 and 681:
11.6 Future directions in dataEmplo
Page 682 and 683:
Table 11A.1.10 Occupation skill lev
Page 684 and 685:
11.3 Indigenous owned or controlled
Page 686 and 687:
Gerritson, R. 2001, Community Capac
Page 688 and 689:
Reconciliation Australia 2006b, 200
Page 690 and 691:
Torres Strait Islander people compr
Page 692 and 693:
Labour force participation and unem
Page 694 and 695:
section 12.1). The files containing
Page 696 and 697:
Page 698 and 699:
Patterns of relative disadvantage b
Page 700 and 701:
13.1.2 Differences between women an
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Figure 13.1.3 Relative disadvantage
Page 704 and 705:
13.2 Associations between headline
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Figure 13.2.2 People aged 15 years
Page 708 and 709:
Figure 13.2.4 People aged 15 years
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Box 13.3.1 (continued)For example,
Page 712 and 713:
• more common among unemployed pe
Page 714 and 715:
13.4 Notes on methodologyThe analys
Page 716 and 717:
13.22 OVERCOMINGINDIGENOUSDISADVANT
Page 718 and 719:
• reviewing and re-engineering pr
Page 720 and 721:
The working group will consider how
Page 722 and 723:
Australian Government commentsThe f
Page 724 and 725:
New South Wales Government comments
Page 726 and 727:
Victorian Government commentsIn Oct
Page 728 and 729:
Queensland Government commentsThe Q
Page 730 and 731:
Western Australian Government comme
Page 732 and 733:
South Australian Government comment
Page 734 and 735:
Tasmanian Government commentsThe Ta
Page 736 and 737:
Australian Capital Territory Govern
Page 738 and 739:
Northern Territory Government comme
Page 740 and 741:
IMPLEMENTATION OFTHE FRAMEWORKA2.21
Page 742 and 743:
Figure A3.2 Proportion of the popul
Page 744 and 745:
• The proportion of the Indigenou
Page 746 and 747:
e disaggregated by different factor
Page 748 and 749:
identify when asked by police. Henc
Page 750 and 751:
Indicators Measures Data sources3 H
Page 752 and 753:
Indicator Measure Data source3.5 La
Page 754 and 755:
Indicator Measure Data source3.10 D
Page 756 and 757:
Indicator Measure Data source5.5 Ch
Page 758 and 759:
Indicator Measure Data source7.5 Tr
Page 760 and 761:
Indicator Measure Data source9.2 Re
Page 762 and 763:
Indicator Measure Data source9.5 Pr
Page 764 and 765:
Indicator Measure Data source11 Eco
Page 766 and 767:
Acronyms and abbreviationsABSACERAI
Page 768:
Australia 1995-2003, Trends and Iss
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