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In those jurisdictions for which data were available:• Death rates from diseases associated with poor environmental health were muchhigher for Indigenous people (between 112.7 and 230.4 deaths per 100 000) thanfor non-Indigenous people (between 25.1 to 39.6 deaths per 100 000)(table 14A.1.4).• Taking into account the different age structures of the Indigenous and non-Indigenous populations, between 2001 and 2005, Indigenous males had muchhigher death rates from diseases associated with poor environmental health(between 115.3 and 222.2 per 100 000) than non-Indigenous males (between21.8 and 36.3 per 100 000) (figure 10.1.4).• The death rates from diseases associated with poor environmental health werealso much higher for Indigenous females than non-Indigenous females (between108.9 and 237.0 per 100 000, compared with 21.0 to 42.9 per 100 000).10.2 Access to clean water and functional sewerageBox 10.2.1 Key messages• The number of discrete Indigenous communities without an organised seweragesystem decreased from 91 in 2001, to 25 in 2006 (table 10A.2.4).• In 2006, of the 322 discrete Indigenous communities with a reported usualpopulation of 50 or more in 2006:– 165 (51.2 per cent) had experienced water supply interruptions in the previous12 months (table 10A.2.2)– 130 (40.4 per cent) had experienced sewerage overflows or leakages in theprevious 12 months (table 10A.2.5).This indicator complements the indicator of rates of diseases associated with poorenvironmental health. To prevent disease, a community needs a clean, adequate andreliable supply of water for drinking, cooking and washing. A functional seweragesystem prevents sewage from contaminating drinking water and food.Many Indigenous people live in urban areas where the water supply and seweragesystems are shared by all members of the community. While performance variesacross Australia, cities and large towns generally monitor the quality of the drinkingwater and there are reticulated sewerage systems where wastes are collected andtreated at central treatment plants.EFFECTIVEENVIRONMENTALHEALTH SYSTEMS10.13