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8.1 Alcohol consumption and harmBox 8.1.1Key messages• In 2004-05, after adjusting for age differences, survey results indicated that:– a higher proportion of Indigenous adults reported that they did not drink or hadnever drunk alcohol (53.4 per cent) compared to non-Indigenous adults(36.1 per cent) (table 8.1.2).– among those who drank alcohol, the reported rate of long term risky to high riskdrinking for Indigenous people was similar to that for non-Indigenous people(figure 8.1.2); the rate of short term risky to high risk drinking for Indigenouspeople (17 per cent) was nearly double the rate for non-Indigenous people(8 per cent) (table 8.1.3).• Among Indigenous people living in non-remote areas more Indigenous womenreported long term risky to high risk alcohol consumption in 2004-05 (13.9 per cent)than in 1995 and 2001 (6.3 and 9.0 per cent respectively) (figure 8.1.3). There waslittle change in long term risky to high risk alcohol consumption by Indigenous menover the same periods.• Over the period from 1999-2000 to 2004-05, Indigenous homicides were more thanthree times as likely as non-Indigenous homicides to have involved both theoffender and victim having consumed alcohol at the time of the offence(figure 8.1.4). However, the overall level of alcohol involvement in Indigenoushomicides fell from 85.0 to 70.6 per cent over the period (figure 8.1.5).Box 8.1.2‘Things that work’ — reducing alcohol consumption and harmGroote Eylandt Liquor Management Plan (NT)In June 2005, the Groote Eylandt Liquor Management Plan was developed in an effortto reduce the number and resultant harm of liquor related incidents on Groote Eylandtand Bickerton Island. Initiated by the President of the Anindilyakwa Land Council, thePlan was developed in collaboration with leaders from Aboriginal communities onGroote Eylandt and Bickerton Island and with representatives from government andcommunity organisations.Groote Eylandt, like a number of other Northern Territory Aboriginal communities, hasexperienced unacceptable levels of alcohol related violence and harm for some time.The operation of two licensed premises in Groote Eylandt’s largest township(Alyangula) meant that a steady supply of liquor was available in the mining townshipand the three smaller surrounding Aboriginal communities (Angurugu, Umbakumbaand Milyakburra).(Continued next page)8.4 OVERCOMINGINDIGENOUSDISADVANTAGE 2007
Box 8.1.2(continued)The Plan restricts alcohol consumption on Groote Eylandt and Bickerton Island throughthe use of a permit system that controls the takeaway of alcohol from licensedpremises. Although permits are issued by the Northern Territory LicensingCommission, it is the responsibility of the Management Committee — comprising localcommunity and stakeholder representatives — to recommend when to issue, revoke orplace conditions on a permit.Impacts of the Plan to date have been:• decreased alcohol related incidents attended by police• reduced police callouts, especially to the Angurugu community in the evenings• reduced overtime payments to police officers in Alyangula• decreased callouts, especially after hours, involving the main health clinicambulance• reduced absenteeism within the mining company’s Indigenous workforce, with sickleave for Indigenous employees declining from 7.1 per cent before the Plancommenced in 1 July 2005, to 2.4 per cent since.While details of the full impact of the Plan are yet to be evaluated, it is already clearthat progress has been made through community and government groups workingtogether in a sustained and organised manner to develop and implement a communityalcohol management plan.The Northern Territory Office of Alcohol Policy and Coordination is currently organisinga consultancy to formally evaluate the Plan.Source: NT Government Treasury (unpublished).Alcohol consumption has health and social consequences through intoxication(drunkenness), alcohol dependence and other biochemical effects. In addition tochronic diseases that may affect drinkers after many years of heavy use, excessivealcohol consumption increases the risk of heart, stroke and vascular diseases, livercirrhosis and several types of cancers (AIHW 2005). It also contributes to disabilityand death through accidents, violence, suicide and homicide. Alcohol misuse alsohas impacts that extend to people other than the individual concerned. Apart fromdirectly harming an individual’s health, excessive alcohol consumption at the familyand community levels contributes to workplace-related problems, child abuse andneglect, financial problems (poverty), family breakdown, interpersonal/domesticviolence, and crime (WHO 2000, 2004).This section examines patterns of alcohol consumption and alcohol related harms,including alcohol influenced crime and alcohol related hospitalisations and deaths.SUBSTANCE USE ANDMISUSE8.5
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© Commonwealth of Australia 2007IS
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ForewordIn 2003, when heads of Aust
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ContentsForewordContentsAcronyms an
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7.4 Juvenile diversions as a propor
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Acronyms and abbreviationsABSACDPAC
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LSAYLSICMCATSIAMCEETYAMOUNATSISNATS
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GlossaryAboriginalAge standardisedr
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ICDEquivalisedhousehold incomeIncom
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For example, the gross monthly inco
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StatisticalsignificanceStatistical
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In May 1997, I wrote to your predec
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situations of Aboriginal people and
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Other health outcomes deteriorated.
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• Indigenous owned or controlled
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Governments and Indigenous people h
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• on-going government support (in
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Source: ABS (2004b); table 3A.1.1.D
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Apparent retention rates of full ti
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The labour force participation rate
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Home ownership is an important econ
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Substantiated child abuse and negle
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Box 1.16KEY MESSAGES• Comparable
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Age standardised adult imprisonment
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Strategic areas for actionFunctiona
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Box 1.21Things that work• The Jab
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Box 1.25Things that work• Congres
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Box 1.28KEY MESSAGES• Data on too
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elationship between the number of d
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uilt upon, or interventions can ass
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Box 1.37KEY MESSAGES• In 2006, 8
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Box 1.41Things that work• The Cir
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Alcohol consumption at long term ri
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Box 1.47• In 2004-05:KEY MESSAGES
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Prisoners, by known prior adult imp
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Box 1.54Things that work• The Mar
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ceremonies, rituals and history. So
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Communication with service provider
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Hospitalisation rates for Indigenou
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Indigenous people 15 years and over
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Box 1.67Things that work• The Abo
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mining royalties and tourism), Indi
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Box 1.74KEY MESSAGES• Six determi
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Median (mid point) individual incom
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FUTURE DIRECTIONS IN DATANotwithsta
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1 IntroductionIn April 2002, the Co
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In order to provide a comprehensive
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Identify indicators that are of rel
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—— 2004-2007a, Report on Govern
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2 The frameworkThe first two sectio
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3. Strategic areas for actionGovern
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Headline indicatorsThe headline ind
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Figure 2.2.3 A preventive model —
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• Retention at year 9• Indigeno
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Similarly, the previous indicator
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In 2006, following publication of t
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Suggested cultural indicators were
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The ‘Economic participation and d
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• Survey data: surveys, such as t
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• 2004-05 National Health Survey
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—— 2004b, National Aboriginal a
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3 Headline indicatorsSafe, healthy
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specific death rates 1 ) continued
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while the life expectancy of Indige
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Table 3.1.2Age specific death rates
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• In the period 2001 to 2005, age
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Box 3.2.2‘Things that work’ - d
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In 2002, the proportion of Indigeno
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• Among older people (aged 55 yea
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people with at least one long-term
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Table 3.2.1Age standardised hospita
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wellbeing (and other positive healt
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Health and education are intimately
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Figure 3.3.2 Apparent retention rat
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Figure 3.3.4 Apparent retention rat
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• Nationally, the proportion of I
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• their health outcomes and their
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extent to which people over 18 year
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Post secondary attainmentOne measur
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• In 2005, the national load pass
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3.5 Labour force participation and
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communities where the labour market
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Figure 3.5.2 CDEP participation, In
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Table 3.5.1Labour force participati
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• Nationally, the labour force pa
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Figure 3.5.7 Unemployment rate of p
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Figure 3.5.9 Unemployment rate of p
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Figure 3.5.10 Long term unemploymen
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Chapter 12 of this Report discusses
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Box 3.6.2(continued)Median value is
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Figure 3.6.1 Median gross weekly eq
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the population into five equal grou
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Figure 3.6.5 Distribution of gross
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• Age-related patterns in income
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Box 3.7.2‘Things that work’ —
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easonably simple to derive and prov
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Figure 3.7.2 Proportion of Indigeno
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3.8 Suicide and self-harmBox 3.8.1K
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Box 3.8.2(continued)A study found t
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Figure 3.8.2 Intentional self-harm
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Figure 3.8.3 Average annual suicide
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• Analysis of data from the Top E
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healthy and supported by their fami
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Figure 3.9.1 Rate per 1000 children
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Figure 3.9.3 Children aged 0-16 yea
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Table 3.9.1Number of diagnoses of c
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Indigenous than non-Indigenous peop
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Figure 3.10.1 Homicide death rates,
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Figure 3.10.3 Average annual homici
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Table 3.10.1 Comparative statistics
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Patterns and trendsPatterns and tre
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Hospitalisations for assaultFigure
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The lack of a common definition mea
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Box 3.11.2 (continued)A key compone
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• Indigenous women reported highe
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Figure 3.11.2 SAAP support periods:
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New South WalesFigure 3.11.3 Victim
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VictoriaFigure 3.11.5 Victims recor
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non-Indigenous people (65.3 per cen
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Figure 3.11.7 Victim-offender relat
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Northern TerritoryTable 3.11.2 Vict
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murder the offender was ‘other’
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Box 3.12.2 (continued)Victoria’s
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People under 18 years are treated a
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Figure 3.12.1 Age standardised impr
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past five years, the rates of impri
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Juvenile detentionFigure 3.12.4 Juv
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• Nationally on 30 June 2005, the
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3.11 Family and community violenceT
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Table 3A.3.10Table 3A.3.11Table 3A.
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3.6 Household and individual income
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3.11 Family and community violenceT
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Table 3A.11.46Table 3A.11.47Table 3
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—— and AIHW (Australian Institu
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http://www.who.int/hpr/NPH/docs/ott
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Hunter, B. and Gray, M. 1999, Furth
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Swan, P. and Raphael, B. 1995, Ways
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—— 2005, Through Young Black Ey
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—— 2006, Population by Age and
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3.12 Imprisonment and juvenile dete
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4 Strategic areas for action4.1 The
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5 Early child development and growt
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cited in Couzos, Metcalf and Murray
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some Aboriginal communities are ass
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Box 5.1.2(continued)Growth Assessme
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preventable condition for which Ind
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Figure 5.1.2 Deaths from external c
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Box 5.2.2(continued)Between 1993-95
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Figure 5.2.2 Infant mortality, by I
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irth weight are compounded by high
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Box 5.3.2(continued)Strong Women, S
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Box 5.3.2(continued)The model was d
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abies had non-Indigenous mothers an
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5.4 Hearing impedimentsBox 5.4.1Key
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Box 5.4.2(continued)• Chronic oti
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Figure 5.4.2 Prevalence of otitis m
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• Although the hospitalisation ra
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Table 5.5.1Children’s mean number
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• The percentage of Indigenous ch
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difference in scores between Indige
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• According to the 2002 Child Den
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• A greater proportion of Indigen
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Figure 5.5.5 Hospital dental proced
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The proposed Longitudinal Study of
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5.8 References5 Early child develop
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Central Public Health Unit Network
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Mackerras D 1998, Evaluation of the
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Leach, A.J., Boswell, J.B., Asche,
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Harford, J., Spencer, J., Roberts-T
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6 Early school engagement andperfor
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2002). Gaps that appear in children
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Table 6.1.1Participation rates in p
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this approach was legal (DEWR 2006)
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• School participation rates are
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Box 6.3.2(continued)Scaffolding Lit
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Figure 6.3.2 Proportion of year 3 s
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6.3 Year 3 literacy and numeracyTab
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NTDE (Northern Territory Department
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Young People, Curtin University of
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7 Positive childhood and transition
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In most states and territories, com
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Attachment tablesAttachment tables
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Nationally comparable learning outc
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Year 5 writingFigure 7.1.3 Proporti
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Year 5 numeracyFigure 7.1.5 Proport
Page 381 and 382: Year 7 readingFigure 7.1.7 Proporti
Page 383 and 384: Year 7 writingFigure 7.1.9 Proporti
Page 385 and 386: Year 7 numeracyFigure 7.1.11 Propor
Page 387 and 388: then year 7 in 2005, and be tested
Page 389 and 390: Figure 7.1.15 Proportion of year 3
Page 391 and 392: non-Indigenous children, reducing t
Page 393 and 394: 7.3 Indigenous cultural studies in
Page 395 and 396: Box 7.3.2Bendigo Senior Secondary C
Page 397 and 398: Box 7.3.6Western Arrernte Picture D
Page 399 and 400: Table 7.3.1 Indigenous employment i
Page 401 and 402: Box 7.3.8RATEP — a community base
Page 403 and 404: Box 7.4.2(continued)• Police and
Page 405 and 406: New South WalesTable 7.4.1NSW, numb
Page 407 and 408: pattern was observed for non-Indige
Page 409 and 410: Figure 7.4.2 WA, Indigenous and non
Page 411 and 412: Figure 7.4.3 SA, proportion of Indi
Page 413 and 414: 7.5 Transition from school to workB
Page 415 and 416: (see section 7.2 Retention at year
Page 417 and 418: studying, for both Indigenous and n
Page 419 and 420: • Similar patterns to those in th
Page 421 and 422: 7.6 Future directions in dataYears
Page 423 and 424: Table 7A.4.12Table 7A.4.13Victoria,
Page 425 and 426: Paper National Benchmark Results Re
Page 427: Randell, N. (ed.) 2002, Including t
Page 430 and 431: and important correlates of crimina
Page 434 and 435: Patterns of alcohol consumptionThe
Page 436 and 437: Figure 8.1.1 Alcohol consumption at
Page 438 and 439: • For both Indigenous and non-Ind
Page 440 and 441: Table 8.1.3Alcohol consumption at s
Page 442 and 443: Figure 8.1.4 Alcohol involvement in
Page 444 and 445: disability and behaviour problems (
Page 446 and 447: • hospitalisation rates for all c
Page 448 and 449: Data on tobacco use in this section
Page 450 and 451: current daily smokers than non-Indi
Page 452 and 453: Figure 8.2.4 Mothers reporting smok
Page 454 and 455: 8.3 Drug and other substance use an
Page 456 and 457: In 2004-05, among Indigenous adults
Page 458 and 459: interventions, there had been a red
Page 460 and 461: Drug related crimeBroadly speaking,
Page 462 and 463: Figure 8.3.2 Drug influenced Indige
Page 464 and 465: • develop an appropriate methodol
Page 466 and 467: Strait Islander Peoples 2005, ABS C
Page 468 and 469: AIHW (Australian Institute of Healt
Page 470 and 471: Makkai T. and Payne J. 2003, Drugs
Page 472 and 473: • income• suicide and self-harm
Page 474 and 475: Following consultations in 2006, a
Page 476 and 477: Attachment tablesAttachment tables
Page 478 and 479: An increased rate may also be due t
Page 480 and 481: Figure 9.1.1 Placement of Indigenou
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Box 9.2.2(continued)their local com
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Adult repeat offendingFigure 9.2.1
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• Nationally in 2006, 75.3 per ce
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69.0 per cent had been in prison pr
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juvenile justice system and 2 496 a
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juvenile justice system was dismiss
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chronic disease, early child develo
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Table 9.3.1Expenditure on health ca
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Table 9.3.2Age standardised hospita
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presents hospitalisation rates for
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lower than those in 2001-02 for bot
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Figure 9.3.2 compares the length of
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non-remote areas were twice as like
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• A greater proportion of discret
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The following definitions of mental
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Box 9.4.2(continued)Aboriginal Ment
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• In 2004-05, 48.0 per cent of In
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• Life events or ‘stressors’
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• Over the period, the age-standa
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Table 9.4.2Indigenous standardised
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Death rates for mental and behaviou
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A WA study on prisoner health and m
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• The proportion of children at h
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Some Indigenous people living in ci
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Figure 9.5.3 Proportion of Indigeno
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were judged by their teachers to be
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Figure 9.6.2 Participation in exerc
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Box 9.6.3Little Yuin Aboriginal Pre
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Box 9.6.6Athletics Australia ‘Ath
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Box 9.6.8(continued)The Australian
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discrete Aboriginal and Torres Stra
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Figure 9.7.3 How Indigenous people
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Figure 9.7.5 Communication with ser
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Indigenous communities. 2 The 2006
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with the 1993 Western Australian Ch
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Box 9.7.3Health Education Unit —
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Box 9.7.5Interpreter accreditation
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Box 9.7.8Pre-hospital care in remot
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Participation in organised sport, a
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9.3 Access to primary health careTa
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age standardised, by remoteness are
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SHRG (Social Health Reference Group
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9.4 Mental healthABS (Australian Bu
Page 572 and 573:
Procter, N. 2005, ‘Parasuicide, s
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Daly, A.E. 2001, Implications of De
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Menzies School of Health Research 2
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infrastructure as well as functioni
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some duplication, as patients can h
Page 582 and 583:
After adjusting for age differences
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Figure 10.1.2 Age standardised hosp
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Figure 10.1.3 Hospitalisation rates
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Figure 10.1.4 Death rates from dise
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In rural and remote areas, there is
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In June 2006, an estimated 510 000
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Figure 10.2.2 Experienced water int
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Types of sewerage systemsIn the 200
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Access to cooking, washing and toil
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The occupancy standard determines o
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• There were no statistically sig
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Figure 10.3.4 Proportion of Indigen
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10.2 Access to clean water and func
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Pholeros P., Rainow S. and Torzillo
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Indigenous owned land yields econom
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Box 11.1.2 ‘Things that work’
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Box 11.1.2 (continued)The success o
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Employment by full time/part time s
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Figure 11.1.3 Full time and part ti
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Figure 11.1.5 Full time and part ti
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Data on full time and part time emp
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• CDEP participation accounted fo
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people’s wellbeing (see section 1
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Box 11.2.2 Walking Tourism Business
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11.3 Indigenous owned or controlled
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The potential to derive economic be
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• land-based investments for capi
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Box 11.3.2 (continued)In 2006, fund
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Indigenous Land Use AgreementsIndig
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• Indigenous owned or controlled
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Figure 11.3.4 The growth of Indigen
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and corporate behaviour, and descri
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Box 11.4.2 ‘Things that work’
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Figure 11.4.1 Proportion of univers
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while the proportion of non-Indigen
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State and Territory data on the num
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areas of agreement, ‘governments
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Indigenous organisations, by and la
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• Coordination and decision makin
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Box 11.5.4 (continued)The Board of
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Box 11.5.6 (continued)3. Are effect
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Box 11.5.8 (continued)The Pitjantja
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Box 11.5.10 Governance trainingWuna
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• strategic policy and evaluation
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Box 11.5.13 Developing youth leader
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third parties enter into an equal a
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The OIPC red tape evaluation (OIPC
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old. Some will be new’ (Cornell a
Page 678 and 679:
circumstances or risk profile of th
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11.6 Future directions in dataEmplo
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Table 11A.1.10 Occupation skill lev
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11.3 Indigenous owned or controlled
Page 686 and 687:
Gerritson, R. 2001, Community Capac
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Reconciliation Australia 2006b, 200
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Torres Strait Islander people compr
Page 692 and 693:
Labour force participation and unem
Page 694 and 695:
section 12.1). The files containing
Page 696 and 697:
Attachment tablesAttachment tables
Page 698 and 699:
Patterns of relative disadvantage b
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13.1.2 Differences between women an
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Figure 13.1.3 Relative disadvantage
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13.2 Associations between headline
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Figure 13.2.2 People aged 15 years
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Figure 13.2.4 People aged 15 years
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Box 13.3.1 (continued)For example,
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• more common among unemployed pe
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13.4 Notes on methodologyThe analys
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13.22 OVERCOMINGINDIGENOUSDISADVANT
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• reviewing and re-engineering pr
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The working group will consider how
Page 722 and 723:
Australian Government commentsThe f
Page 724 and 725:
New South Wales Government comments
Page 726 and 727:
Victorian Government commentsIn Oct
Page 728 and 729:
Queensland Government commentsThe Q
Page 730 and 731:
Western Australian Government comme
Page 732 and 733:
South Australian Government comment
Page 734 and 735:
Tasmanian Government commentsThe Ta
Page 736 and 737:
Australian Capital Territory Govern
Page 738 and 739:
Northern Territory Government comme
Page 740 and 741:
IMPLEMENTATION OFTHE FRAMEWORKA2.21
Page 742 and 743:
Figure A3.2 Proportion of the popul
Page 744 and 745:
• The proportion of the Indigenou
Page 746 and 747:
e disaggregated by different factor
Page 748 and 749:
identify when asked by police. Henc
Page 750 and 751:
Indicators Measures Data sources3 H
Page 752 and 753:
Indicator Measure Data source3.5 La
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Indicator Measure Data source3.10 D
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Indicator Measure Data source5.5 Ch
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Indicator Measure Data source7.5 Tr
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Indicator Measure Data source9.2 Re
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Indicator Measure Data source9.5 Pr
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Indicator Measure Data source11 Eco
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Acronyms and abbreviationsABSACERAI
Page 768:
Australia 1995-2003, Trends and Iss
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