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The potential to derive economic benefits from activities on land depends on anumber of aspects, including:• the location of the land — remoteness from markets and population centres addsto the costs of delivering products and services from some Indigenouscommunities• the nature of the land — opportunities to profit from mining, agriculture andtourism depend, respectively, on the presence of certain minerals, rainfall andsoil fertility, and places and activities that appeal to tourists• the extent of ownership and control over the land — some land is heldcommunally and/or with a restricted title, which may limit certain economicactivities (for example, leasing or selling the land to others, or restrictions onland use).Communal land ownership and native title rights and interests can provideIndigenous people with negotiation rights over land. The bargaining power ofIndigenous landholders depends on the property, resource and negotiation rightsIndigenous people have under law, as well as the negotiating skills and resources attheir disposal.The customary economyThe customary economy (fishing, hunting and gathering) can provide Indigenouspeople with fresh and healthy food, and remains an important part of someIndigenous communities, particularly for those living in the tropical savannas andwetlands (Altman 2001).A study conducted of residents of Utopia and other outstations in central Australiafound that the outstation residents had lower rates of diabetes, cardiovascular riskfactors, hospitalisations and deaths compared to those living in centralisedcommunities (McDermott et al. 1998). One of the reasons for this comparativelygood health was the dependence on bush tucker (native foods). Those who huntedand gathered exercised more and had a more varied diet than those who dependedon store-bought food (McDermott et al. 1998).In SA, the Kuka Kanyini project, on Anangu Pitjantjatjara Land, maintains culture,manages traditional country, conserves biodiversity and improves the social,economic and emotional wellbeing of local people. The project maintains traditionalfire management regimes to avoid fires that can destroy the local mulga woodlands(from which foods and traditional medicines are hunted and gathered). The firemanagement regime also contributes to pest control. The project employs a11.24 OVERCOMINGINDIGENOUSDISADVANTAGE 2007
minimum of 12 people full time, and the increased physical activity has assisted inthe control of diabetes (SA Government unpublished).Residential use and home ownershipOwnership and/or control of land can provide people with a place to live. ManyIndigenous people live in community housing which has been built on Indigenousland (see section 3.7). Section 9.5 provides some information on the numbers ofIndigenous people who live on their homelands or traditional country (but, asexplained in section 9.5, this is not necessarily the same as the numbers of peopleliving on Indigenous owned or controlled land). People who own their homes maygain economic benefits from living in, renting out, selling or borrowing against theproperty.Commercial businessCommercial businesses sell goods or services to the general public and includeenterprises like shops and eco-tourism ventures.The ILC operates and manages 10 commercial businesses throughout Australia, andin 2005-06 employed 194 Indigenous people in a range of roles. These businessesare mainly large scale beef cattle enterprises, but also include tourism businessesand two orchards. The ILC is currently focusing its programs on employment,training and education opportunities, particularly in the pastoral and tourismindustries.The Lundin Warra Aboriginal Corporation, an Indigenous-owned enterprise, runsWujal Wujal Walker Family Tours, providing guided walking tours through theDaintree Rainforest in Queensland (see box 11.2.2 for more information).Service deliveryLand can be used to site and deliver services to Indigenous communities (such ascommunity housing, aged care and postal services).The Wunan Foundation is a not-for-profit Indigenous organisation in the EastKimberley (WA). It provides a range of services aimed at improving socioeconomicoutcomes for Indigenous people, including:• training and development programs for Indigenous people• a wilderness adventure tourism business in partnership with Australian PacificTouring.ECONOMICPARTICIPATION ANDDEVELOPMENT11.25
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© Commonwealth of Australia 2007IS
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ForewordIn 2003, when heads of Aust
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ContentsForewordContentsAcronyms an
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7.4 Juvenile diversions as a propor
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Acronyms and abbreviationsABSACDPAC
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LSAYLSICMCATSIAMCEETYAMOUNATSISNATS
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GlossaryAboriginalAge standardisedr
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ICDEquivalisedhousehold incomeIncom
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For example, the gross monthly inco
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StatisticalsignificanceStatistical
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In May 1997, I wrote to your predec
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situations of Aboriginal people and
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Other health outcomes deteriorated.
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• Indigenous owned or controlled
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Governments and Indigenous people h
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• on-going government support (in
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Source: ABS (2004b); table 3A.1.1.D
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Apparent retention rates of full ti
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The labour force participation rate
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Home ownership is an important econ
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Substantiated child abuse and negle
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Box 1.16KEY MESSAGES• Comparable
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Age standardised adult imprisonment
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Strategic areas for actionFunctiona
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Box 1.21Things that work• The Jab
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Box 1.25Things that work• Congres
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Box 1.28KEY MESSAGES• Data on too
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elationship between the number of d
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uilt upon, or interventions can ass
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Box 1.37KEY MESSAGES• In 2006, 8
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Box 1.41Things that work• The Cir
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Alcohol consumption at long term ri
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Box 1.47• In 2004-05:KEY MESSAGES
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Prisoners, by known prior adult imp
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Box 1.54Things that work• The Mar
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ceremonies, rituals and history. So
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Communication with service provider
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Hospitalisation rates for Indigenou
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Indigenous people 15 years and over
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Box 1.67Things that work• The Abo
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mining royalties and tourism), Indi
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Box 1.74KEY MESSAGES• Six determi
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Median (mid point) individual incom
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FUTURE DIRECTIONS IN DATANotwithsta
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1 IntroductionIn April 2002, the Co
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In order to provide a comprehensive
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Identify indicators that are of rel
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—— 2004-2007a, Report on Govern
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2 The frameworkThe first two sectio
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3. Strategic areas for actionGovern
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Headline indicatorsThe headline ind
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Figure 2.2.3 A preventive model —
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• Retention at year 9• Indigeno
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Similarly, the previous indicator
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In 2006, following publication of t
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Suggested cultural indicators were
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The ‘Economic participation and d
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• Survey data: surveys, such as t
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• 2004-05 National Health Survey
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—— 2004b, National Aboriginal a
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3 Headline indicatorsSafe, healthy
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specific death rates 1 ) continued
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while the life expectancy of Indige
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Table 3.1.2Age specific death rates
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• In the period 2001 to 2005, age
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Box 3.2.2‘Things that work’ - d
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In 2002, the proportion of Indigeno
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• Among older people (aged 55 yea
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people with at least one long-term
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Table 3.2.1Age standardised hospita
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wellbeing (and other positive healt
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Health and education are intimately
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Figure 3.3.2 Apparent retention rat
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Figure 3.3.4 Apparent retention rat
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• Nationally, the proportion of I
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• their health outcomes and their
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extent to which people over 18 year
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Post secondary attainmentOne measur
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• In 2005, the national load pass
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3.5 Labour force participation and
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communities where the labour market
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Figure 3.5.2 CDEP participation, In
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Table 3.5.1Labour force participati
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• Nationally, the labour force pa
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Figure 3.5.7 Unemployment rate of p
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Figure 3.5.9 Unemployment rate of p
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Figure 3.5.10 Long term unemploymen
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Chapter 12 of this Report discusses
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Box 3.6.2(continued)Median value is
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Figure 3.6.1 Median gross weekly eq
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the population into five equal grou
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Figure 3.6.5 Distribution of gross
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• Age-related patterns in income
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Box 3.7.2‘Things that work’ —
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easonably simple to derive and prov
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Figure 3.7.2 Proportion of Indigeno
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3.8 Suicide and self-harmBox 3.8.1K
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Box 3.8.2(continued)A study found t
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Figure 3.8.2 Intentional self-harm
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Figure 3.8.3 Average annual suicide
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• Analysis of data from the Top E
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healthy and supported by their fami
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Figure 3.9.1 Rate per 1000 children
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Figure 3.9.3 Children aged 0-16 yea
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Table 3.9.1Number of diagnoses of c
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Indigenous than non-Indigenous peop
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Figure 3.10.1 Homicide death rates,
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Figure 3.10.3 Average annual homici
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Table 3.10.1 Comparative statistics
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Patterns and trendsPatterns and tre
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Hospitalisations for assaultFigure
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The lack of a common definition mea
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Box 3.11.2 (continued)A key compone
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• Indigenous women reported highe
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Figure 3.11.2 SAAP support periods:
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New South WalesFigure 3.11.3 Victim
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VictoriaFigure 3.11.5 Victims recor
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non-Indigenous people (65.3 per cen
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Figure 3.11.7 Victim-offender relat
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Northern TerritoryTable 3.11.2 Vict
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murder the offender was ‘other’
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Box 3.12.2 (continued)Victoria’s
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People under 18 years are treated a
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Figure 3.12.1 Age standardised impr
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past five years, the rates of impri
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Juvenile detentionFigure 3.12.4 Juv
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• Nationally on 30 June 2005, the
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3.11 Family and community violenceT
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Table 3A.3.10Table 3A.3.11Table 3A.
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3.6 Household and individual income
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3.11 Family and community violenceT
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Table 3A.11.46Table 3A.11.47Table 3
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—— and AIHW (Australian Institu
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http://www.who.int/hpr/NPH/docs/ott
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Hunter, B. and Gray, M. 1999, Furth
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Swan, P. and Raphael, B. 1995, Ways
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—— 2005, Through Young Black Ey
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—— 2006, Population by Age and
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3.12 Imprisonment and juvenile dete
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4 Strategic areas for action4.1 The
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5 Early child development and growt
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cited in Couzos, Metcalf and Murray
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some Aboriginal communities are ass
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Box 5.1.2(continued)Growth Assessme
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preventable condition for which Ind
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Figure 5.1.2 Deaths from external c
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Box 5.2.2(continued)Between 1993-95
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Figure 5.2.2 Infant mortality, by I
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irth weight are compounded by high
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Box 5.3.2(continued)Strong Women, S
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Box 5.3.2(continued)The model was d
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abies had non-Indigenous mothers an
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5.4 Hearing impedimentsBox 5.4.1Key
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Box 5.4.2(continued)• Chronic oti
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Figure 5.4.2 Prevalence of otitis m
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• Although the hospitalisation ra
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Table 5.5.1Children’s mean number
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• The percentage of Indigenous ch
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difference in scores between Indige
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• According to the 2002 Child Den
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• A greater proportion of Indigen
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Figure 5.5.5 Hospital dental proced
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The proposed Longitudinal Study of
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5.8 References5 Early child develop
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Central Public Health Unit Network
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Mackerras D 1998, Evaluation of the
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Leach, A.J., Boswell, J.B., Asche,
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Harford, J., Spencer, J., Roberts-T
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6 Early school engagement andperfor
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2002). Gaps that appear in children
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Table 6.1.1Participation rates in p
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this approach was legal (DEWR 2006)
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• School participation rates are
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Box 6.3.2(continued)Scaffolding Lit
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Figure 6.3.2 Proportion of year 3 s
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6.3 Year 3 literacy and numeracyTab
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NTDE (Northern Territory Department
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Young People, Curtin University of
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7 Positive childhood and transition
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In most states and territories, com
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Attachment tablesAttachment tables
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Nationally comparable learning outc
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Year 5 writingFigure 7.1.3 Proporti
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Year 5 numeracyFigure 7.1.5 Proport
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Year 7 readingFigure 7.1.7 Proporti
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Year 7 writingFigure 7.1.9 Proporti
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Year 7 numeracyFigure 7.1.11 Propor
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then year 7 in 2005, and be tested
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Figure 7.1.15 Proportion of year 3
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non-Indigenous children, reducing t
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7.3 Indigenous cultural studies in
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Box 7.3.2Bendigo Senior Secondary C
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Box 7.3.6Western Arrernte Picture D
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Table 7.3.1 Indigenous employment i
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Box 7.3.8RATEP — a community base
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Box 7.4.2(continued)• Police and
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New South WalesTable 7.4.1NSW, numb
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pattern was observed for non-Indige
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Figure 7.4.2 WA, Indigenous and non
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Figure 7.4.3 SA, proportion of Indi
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7.5 Transition from school to workB
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(see section 7.2 Retention at year
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studying, for both Indigenous and n
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• Similar patterns to those in th
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7.6 Future directions in dataYears
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Table 7A.4.12Table 7A.4.13Victoria,
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Paper National Benchmark Results Re
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Randell, N. (ed.) 2002, Including t
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and important correlates of crimina
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8.1 Alcohol consumption and harmBox
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Patterns of alcohol consumptionThe
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Figure 8.1.1 Alcohol consumption at
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• For both Indigenous and non-Ind
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Table 8.1.3Alcohol consumption at s
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Figure 8.1.4 Alcohol involvement in
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disability and behaviour problems (
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• hospitalisation rates for all c
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Data on tobacco use in this section
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current daily smokers than non-Indi
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Figure 8.2.4 Mothers reporting smok
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8.3 Drug and other substance use an
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In 2004-05, among Indigenous adults
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interventions, there had been a red
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Drug related crimeBroadly speaking,
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Figure 8.3.2 Drug influenced Indige
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• develop an appropriate methodol
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Strait Islander Peoples 2005, ABS C
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AIHW (Australian Institute of Healt
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Makkai T. and Payne J. 2003, Drugs
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• income• suicide and self-harm
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Following consultations in 2006, a
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An increased rate may also be due t
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Figure 9.1.1 Placement of Indigenou
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Box 9.2.2(continued)their local com
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Adult repeat offendingFigure 9.2.1
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• Nationally in 2006, 75.3 per ce
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69.0 per cent had been in prison pr
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juvenile justice system and 2 496 a
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juvenile justice system was dismiss
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chronic disease, early child develo
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Table 9.3.1Expenditure on health ca
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Table 9.3.2Age standardised hospita
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presents hospitalisation rates for
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lower than those in 2001-02 for bot
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Figure 9.3.2 compares the length of
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non-remote areas were twice as like
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• A greater proportion of discret
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The following definitions of mental
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Box 9.4.2(continued)Aboriginal Ment
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• In 2004-05, 48.0 per cent of In
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• Life events or ‘stressors’
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• Over the period, the age-standa
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Table 9.4.2Indigenous standardised
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Death rates for mental and behaviou
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A WA study on prisoner health and m
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• The proportion of children at h
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Some Indigenous people living in ci
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Figure 9.5.3 Proportion of Indigeno
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were judged by their teachers to be
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Figure 9.6.2 Participation in exerc
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Box 9.6.3Little Yuin Aboriginal Pre
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Box 9.6.6Athletics Australia ‘Ath
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Box 9.6.8(continued)The Australian
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discrete Aboriginal and Torres Stra
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Figure 9.7.3 How Indigenous people
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Figure 9.7.5 Communication with ser
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Indigenous communities. 2 The 2006
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with the 1993 Western Australian Ch
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Box 9.7.3Health Education Unit —
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Box 9.7.5Interpreter accreditation
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Box 9.7.8Pre-hospital care in remot
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Participation in organised sport, a
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9.3 Access to primary health careTa
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age standardised, by remoteness are
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SHRG (Social Health Reference Group
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9.4 Mental healthABS (Australian Bu
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Procter, N. 2005, ‘Parasuicide, s
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Daly, A.E. 2001, Implications of De
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Menzies School of Health Research 2
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infrastructure as well as functioni
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some duplication, as patients can h
Page 582 and 583: After adjusting for age differences
Page 584 and 585: Figure 10.1.2 Age standardised hosp
Page 586 and 587: Figure 10.1.3 Hospitalisation rates
Page 588 and 589: Figure 10.1.4 Death rates from dise
Page 590 and 591: In rural and remote areas, there is
Page 592 and 593: In June 2006, an estimated 510 000
Page 594 and 595: Figure 10.2.2 Experienced water int
Page 596 and 597: Types of sewerage systemsIn the 200
Page 598 and 599: Access to cooking, washing and toil
Page 600 and 601: The occupancy standard determines o
Page 602 and 603: • There were no statistically sig
Page 604 and 605: Figure 10.3.4 Proportion of Indigen
Page 606 and 607: 10.2 Access to clean water and func
Page 608 and 609: Pholeros P., Rainow S. and Torzillo
Page 610 and 611: Indigenous owned land yields econom
Page 612 and 613: Box 11.1.2 ‘Things that work’
Page 614 and 615: Box 11.1.2 (continued)The success o
Page 616 and 617: Employment by full time/part time s
Page 618 and 619: Figure 11.1.3 Full time and part ti
Page 620 and 621: Figure 11.1.5 Full time and part ti
Page 622 and 623: Data on full time and part time emp
Page 624 and 625: • CDEP participation accounted fo
Page 626 and 627: people’s wellbeing (see section 1
Page 628 and 629: Box 11.2.2 Walking Tourism Business
Page 630 and 631: 11.3 Indigenous owned or controlled
Page 634 and 635: • land-based investments for capi
Page 636 and 637: Box 11.3.2 (continued)In 2006, fund
Page 638 and 639: Indigenous Land Use AgreementsIndig
Page 640 and 641: • Indigenous owned or controlled
Page 642 and 643: Figure 11.3.4 The growth of Indigen
Page 644 and 645: and corporate behaviour, and descri
Page 646 and 647: Box 11.4.2 ‘Things that work’
Page 648 and 649: Figure 11.4.1 Proportion of univers
Page 650 and 651: while the proportion of non-Indigen
Page 652 and 653: State and Territory data on the num
Page 654 and 655: areas of agreement, ‘governments
Page 656 and 657: Indigenous organisations, by and la
Page 658 and 659: • Coordination and decision makin
Page 660 and 661: Box 11.5.4 (continued)The Board of
Page 662 and 663: Box 11.5.6 (continued)3. Are effect
Page 664 and 665: Box 11.5.8 (continued)The Pitjantja
Page 666 and 667: Box 11.5.10 Governance trainingWuna
Page 668 and 669: • strategic policy and evaluation
Page 670 and 671: Box 11.5.13 Developing youth leader
Page 672 and 673: third parties enter into an equal a
Page 674 and 675: The OIPC red tape evaluation (OIPC
Page 676 and 677: old. Some will be new’ (Cornell a
Page 678 and 679: circumstances or risk profile of th
Page 680 and 681: 11.6 Future directions in dataEmplo
Page 682 and 683:
Table 11A.1.10 Occupation skill lev
Page 684 and 685:
11.3 Indigenous owned or controlled
Page 686 and 687:
Gerritson, R. 2001, Community Capac
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Reconciliation Australia 2006b, 200
Page 690 and 691:
Torres Strait Islander people compr
Page 692 and 693:
Labour force participation and unem
Page 694 and 695:
section 12.1). The files containing
Page 696 and 697:
Page 698 and 699:
Patterns of relative disadvantage b
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13.1.2 Differences between women an
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Figure 13.1.3 Relative disadvantage
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13.2 Associations between headline
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Figure 13.2.2 People aged 15 years
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Figure 13.2.4 People aged 15 years
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Box 13.3.1 (continued)For example,
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• more common among unemployed pe
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13.4 Notes on methodologyThe analys
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13.22 OVERCOMINGINDIGENOUSDISADVANT
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• reviewing and re-engineering pr
Page 720 and 721:
The working group will consider how
Page 722 and 723:
Australian Government commentsThe f
Page 724 and 725:
New South Wales Government comments
Page 726 and 727:
Victorian Government commentsIn Oct
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Queensland Government commentsThe Q
Page 730 and 731:
Western Australian Government comme
Page 732 and 733:
South Australian Government comment
Page 734 and 735:
Tasmanian Government commentsThe Ta
Page 736 and 737:
Australian Capital Territory Govern
Page 738 and 739:
Northern Territory Government comme
Page 740 and 741:
IMPLEMENTATION OFTHE FRAMEWORKA2.21
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Figure A3.2 Proportion of the popul
Page 744 and 745:
• The proportion of the Indigenou
Page 746 and 747:
e disaggregated by different factor
Page 748 and 749:
identify when asked by police. Henc
Page 750 and 751:
Indicators Measures Data sources3 H
Page 752 and 753:
Indicator Measure Data source3.5 La
Page 754 and 755:
Indicator Measure Data source3.10 D
Page 756 and 757:
Indicator Measure Data source5.5 Ch
Page 758 and 759:
Indicator Measure Data source7.5 Tr
Page 760 and 761:
Indicator Measure Data source9.2 Re
Page 762 and 763:
Indicator Measure Data source9.5 Pr
Page 764 and 765:
Indicator Measure Data source11 Eco
Page 766 and 767:
Acronyms and abbreviationsABSACERAI
Page 768:
Australia 1995-2003, Trends and Iss
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