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section 12.1). The files containing the attachment tables can also be found on theReview web page (www.pc.gov.au/gsp). Users without access to the Internet cancontact the Secretariat to obtain the attachment tables (see contact details on theinside front cover of the Report).12 Outcomes for Torres Strait Islander peopleTable 12A.1.1 Highest level of education completed by people aged 18 or over, byIndigenous status, 2004-05Table 12A.1.2 Home ownership of people aged 18 or over, by Indigenous status, 2004-05Table 12A.1.3 Individual weekly income of people aged 18 or over, by Indigenous status,2004-05Table 12A.1.4 Employment status of Indigenous people aged 18 to 64 years, 2004-05Table 12A.1.5Table 12A.1.6Proportion of Indigenous people aged 18 years or over with a long term healthcondition, 2004-05Selected indicators for people aged 18 or over, by Indigenous status, agestandardised, 2004-0512.3 ReferencesABS (Australian Bureau of Statistics) 2004, Experimental Estimates andProjections, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians, 1991 to 2009,Cat. no. 3238.0, Canberra.12.6 OVERCOMINGINDIGENOUSDISADVANTAGE 2007
13 Measuring multiple disadvantageBox 13.1Key messages• In 2004-05, Indigenous people were markedly disadvantaged when compared withnon-Indigenous people against the three measured headline dimensions —education, labour force and income. Different patterns of disadvantage wereobserved according to age, sex and remoteness areas (figures 13.1.1–13.1.3).• Overcrowded housing is associated with most headline dimensions ofdisadvantage, including poor education and employment outcomes and lowhousehold and individual incomes (figure 13.3.3).• Health risk behaviours among Indigenous people are associated with manyheadline dimensions of disadvantage — daily smoking is associated with pooroutcomes in education, employment and income (figure 13.3.1), and illicit drug useis associated with unemployment and poor outcomes in home ownership(figure 13.3.2).As noted across this Report, different aspects of disadvantage often seem to occurtogether — for example, poor education may be linked with poor employmentoutcomes, and both may be linked with poor income. This chapter uses comparabledata from two ABS surveys to identify some aspects of disadvantage that tend tooccur together. However, this information does not reveal cause and effect (that is,it does not say that disadvantage in one area is the cause of another poor outcome).The ABS 2004-05 National Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Health Survey(NATSIHS) and National Health Survey (NHS) that provided the data for thischapter do not provide information on all the indicators in this Report’s framework,and some of the measures used in this chapter are proxies (not exact matches) forthe framework indicators. Section 13.1 examines patterns of disadvantage againstthe proxy headline indicators according to age, sex and remoteness area, andcompares patterns of outcomes for Indigenous and non-Indigenous people.Section 13.2 examines links between the proxy headline indicators and comparesIndigenous and non-Indigenous results. Section 13.3 examines links between theproxy headline indicators and some proxy strategic change indicators. Data for thispart of the analysis are available only for Indigenous people. Section 13.4 providessome technical information on how the analysis was done.MEASURINGMULTIPLEDISADVANTAGE13.1
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© Commonwealth of Australia 2007IS
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ForewordIn 2003, when heads of Aust
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ContentsForewordContentsAcronyms an
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7.4 Juvenile diversions as a propor
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Acronyms and abbreviationsABSACDPAC
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LSAYLSICMCATSIAMCEETYAMOUNATSISNATS
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GlossaryAboriginalAge standardisedr
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ICDEquivalisedhousehold incomeIncom
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For example, the gross monthly inco
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StatisticalsignificanceStatistical
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In May 1997, I wrote to your predec
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situations of Aboriginal people and
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Other health outcomes deteriorated.
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• Indigenous owned or controlled
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Governments and Indigenous people h
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• on-going government support (in
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Source: ABS (2004b); table 3A.1.1.D
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Apparent retention rates of full ti
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The labour force participation rate
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Home ownership is an important econ
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Substantiated child abuse and negle
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Box 1.16KEY MESSAGES• Comparable
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Age standardised adult imprisonment
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Strategic areas for actionFunctiona
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Box 1.21Things that work• The Jab
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Box 1.25Things that work• Congres
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Box 1.28KEY MESSAGES• Data on too
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elationship between the number of d
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uilt upon, or interventions can ass
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Box 1.37KEY MESSAGES• In 2006, 8
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Box 1.41Things that work• The Cir
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Alcohol consumption at long term ri
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Box 1.47• In 2004-05:KEY MESSAGES
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Prisoners, by known prior adult imp
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Box 1.54Things that work• The Mar
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ceremonies, rituals and history. So
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Communication with service provider
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Hospitalisation rates for Indigenou
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Indigenous people 15 years and over
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Box 1.67Things that work• The Abo
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mining royalties and tourism), Indi
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Box 1.74KEY MESSAGES• Six determi
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Median (mid point) individual incom
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FUTURE DIRECTIONS IN DATANotwithsta
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1 IntroductionIn April 2002, the Co
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In order to provide a comprehensive
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Identify indicators that are of rel
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—— 2004-2007a, Report on Govern
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2 The frameworkThe first two sectio
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3. Strategic areas for actionGovern
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Headline indicatorsThe headline ind
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Figure 2.2.3 A preventive model —
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• Retention at year 9• Indigeno
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Similarly, the previous indicator
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In 2006, following publication of t
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Suggested cultural indicators were
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The ‘Economic participation and d
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• Survey data: surveys, such as t
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• 2004-05 National Health Survey
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—— 2004b, National Aboriginal a
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3 Headline indicatorsSafe, healthy
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specific death rates 1 ) continued
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while the life expectancy of Indige
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Table 3.1.2Age specific death rates
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• In the period 2001 to 2005, age
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Box 3.2.2‘Things that work’ - d
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In 2002, the proportion of Indigeno
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• Among older people (aged 55 yea
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people with at least one long-term
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Table 3.2.1Age standardised hospita
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wellbeing (and other positive healt
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Health and education are intimately
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Figure 3.3.2 Apparent retention rat
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Figure 3.3.4 Apparent retention rat
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• Nationally, the proportion of I
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• their health outcomes and their
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extent to which people over 18 year
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Post secondary attainmentOne measur
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• In 2005, the national load pass
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3.5 Labour force participation and
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communities where the labour market
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Figure 3.5.2 CDEP participation, In
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Table 3.5.1Labour force participati
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• Nationally, the labour force pa
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Figure 3.5.7 Unemployment rate of p
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Figure 3.5.9 Unemployment rate of p
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Figure 3.5.10 Long term unemploymen
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Chapter 12 of this Report discusses
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Box 3.6.2(continued)Median value is
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Figure 3.6.1 Median gross weekly eq
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the population into five equal grou
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Figure 3.6.5 Distribution of gross
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• Age-related patterns in income
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Box 3.7.2‘Things that work’ —
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easonably simple to derive and prov
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Figure 3.7.2 Proportion of Indigeno
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3.8 Suicide and self-harmBox 3.8.1K
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Box 3.8.2(continued)A study found t
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Figure 3.8.2 Intentional self-harm
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Figure 3.8.3 Average annual suicide
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• Analysis of data from the Top E
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healthy and supported by their fami
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Figure 3.9.1 Rate per 1000 children
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Figure 3.9.3 Children aged 0-16 yea
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Table 3.9.1Number of diagnoses of c
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Indigenous than non-Indigenous peop
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Figure 3.10.1 Homicide death rates,
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Figure 3.10.3 Average annual homici
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Table 3.10.1 Comparative statistics
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Patterns and trendsPatterns and tre
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Hospitalisations for assaultFigure
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The lack of a common definition mea
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Box 3.11.2 (continued)A key compone
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• Indigenous women reported highe
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Figure 3.11.2 SAAP support periods:
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New South WalesFigure 3.11.3 Victim
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VictoriaFigure 3.11.5 Victims recor
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non-Indigenous people (65.3 per cen
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Figure 3.11.7 Victim-offender relat
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Northern TerritoryTable 3.11.2 Vict
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murder the offender was ‘other’
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Box 3.12.2 (continued)Victoria’s
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People under 18 years are treated a
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Figure 3.12.1 Age standardised impr
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past five years, the rates of impri
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Juvenile detentionFigure 3.12.4 Juv
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• Nationally on 30 June 2005, the
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3.11 Family and community violenceT
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Table 3A.3.10Table 3A.3.11Table 3A.
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3.6 Household and individual income
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3.11 Family and community violenceT
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Table 3A.11.46Table 3A.11.47Table 3
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—— and AIHW (Australian Institu
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http://www.who.int/hpr/NPH/docs/ott
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Hunter, B. and Gray, M. 1999, Furth
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Swan, P. and Raphael, B. 1995, Ways
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—— 2005, Through Young Black Ey
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—— 2006, Population by Age and
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3.12 Imprisonment and juvenile dete
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4 Strategic areas for action4.1 The
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5 Early child development and growt
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cited in Couzos, Metcalf and Murray
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some Aboriginal communities are ass
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Box 5.1.2(continued)Growth Assessme
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preventable condition for which Ind
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Figure 5.1.2 Deaths from external c
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Box 5.2.2(continued)Between 1993-95
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Figure 5.2.2 Infant mortality, by I
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irth weight are compounded by high
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Box 5.3.2(continued)Strong Women, S
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Box 5.3.2(continued)The model was d
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abies had non-Indigenous mothers an
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5.4 Hearing impedimentsBox 5.4.1Key
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Box 5.4.2(continued)• Chronic oti
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Figure 5.4.2 Prevalence of otitis m
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• Although the hospitalisation ra
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Table 5.5.1Children’s mean number
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• The percentage of Indigenous ch
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difference in scores between Indige
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• According to the 2002 Child Den
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• A greater proportion of Indigen
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Figure 5.5.5 Hospital dental proced
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The proposed Longitudinal Study of
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5.8 References5 Early child develop
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Central Public Health Unit Network
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Mackerras D 1998, Evaluation of the
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Leach, A.J., Boswell, J.B., Asche,
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Harford, J., Spencer, J., Roberts-T
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6 Early school engagement andperfor
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2002). Gaps that appear in children
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Table 6.1.1Participation rates in p
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this approach was legal (DEWR 2006)
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• School participation rates are
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Box 6.3.2(continued)Scaffolding Lit
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Figure 6.3.2 Proportion of year 3 s
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6.3 Year 3 literacy and numeracyTab
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NTDE (Northern Territory Department
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Young People, Curtin University of
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7 Positive childhood and transition
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In most states and territories, com
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Attachment tablesAttachment tables
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Nationally comparable learning outc
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Year 5 writingFigure 7.1.3 Proporti
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Year 5 numeracyFigure 7.1.5 Proport
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Year 7 readingFigure 7.1.7 Proporti
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Year 7 writingFigure 7.1.9 Proporti
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Year 7 numeracyFigure 7.1.11 Propor
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then year 7 in 2005, and be tested
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Figure 7.1.15 Proportion of year 3
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non-Indigenous children, reducing t
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7.3 Indigenous cultural studies in
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Box 7.3.2Bendigo Senior Secondary C
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Box 7.3.6Western Arrernte Picture D
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Table 7.3.1 Indigenous employment i
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Box 7.3.8RATEP — a community base
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Box 7.4.2(continued)• Police and
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New South WalesTable 7.4.1NSW, numb
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pattern was observed for non-Indige
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Figure 7.4.2 WA, Indigenous and non
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Figure 7.4.3 SA, proportion of Indi
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7.5 Transition from school to workB
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(see section 7.2 Retention at year
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studying, for both Indigenous and n
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• Similar patterns to those in th
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7.6 Future directions in dataYears
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Table 7A.4.12Table 7A.4.13Victoria,
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Paper National Benchmark Results Re
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Randell, N. (ed.) 2002, Including t
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and important correlates of crimina
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8.1 Alcohol consumption and harmBox
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Patterns of alcohol consumptionThe
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Figure 8.1.1 Alcohol consumption at
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• For both Indigenous and non-Ind
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Table 8.1.3Alcohol consumption at s
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Figure 8.1.4 Alcohol involvement in
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disability and behaviour problems (
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• hospitalisation rates for all c
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Data on tobacco use in this section
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current daily smokers than non-Indi
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Figure 8.2.4 Mothers reporting smok
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8.3 Drug and other substance use an
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In 2004-05, among Indigenous adults
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interventions, there had been a red
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Drug related crimeBroadly speaking,
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Figure 8.3.2 Drug influenced Indige
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• develop an appropriate methodol
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Strait Islander Peoples 2005, ABS C
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AIHW (Australian Institute of Healt
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Makkai T. and Payne J. 2003, Drugs
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• income• suicide and self-harm
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Following consultations in 2006, a
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Attachment tablesAttachment tables
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An increased rate may also be due t
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Figure 9.1.1 Placement of Indigenou
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Box 9.2.2(continued)their local com
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Adult repeat offendingFigure 9.2.1
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• Nationally in 2006, 75.3 per ce
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69.0 per cent had been in prison pr
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juvenile justice system and 2 496 a
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juvenile justice system was dismiss
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chronic disease, early child develo
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Table 9.3.1Expenditure on health ca
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Table 9.3.2Age standardised hospita
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presents hospitalisation rates for
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lower than those in 2001-02 for bot
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Figure 9.3.2 compares the length of
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non-remote areas were twice as like
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• A greater proportion of discret
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The following definitions of mental
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Box 9.4.2(continued)Aboriginal Ment
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• In 2004-05, 48.0 per cent of In
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• Life events or ‘stressors’
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• Over the period, the age-standa
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Table 9.4.2Indigenous standardised
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Death rates for mental and behaviou
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A WA study on prisoner health and m
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• The proportion of children at h
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Some Indigenous people living in ci
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Figure 9.5.3 Proportion of Indigeno
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were judged by their teachers to be
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Figure 9.6.2 Participation in exerc
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Box 9.6.3Little Yuin Aboriginal Pre
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Box 9.6.6Athletics Australia ‘Ath
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Box 9.6.8(continued)The Australian
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discrete Aboriginal and Torres Stra
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Figure 9.7.3 How Indigenous people
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Figure 9.7.5 Communication with ser
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Indigenous communities. 2 The 2006
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with the 1993 Western Australian Ch
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Box 9.7.3Health Education Unit —
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Box 9.7.5Interpreter accreditation
Page 558 and 559:
Box 9.7.8Pre-hospital care in remot
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Participation in organised sport, a
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9.3 Access to primary health careTa
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age standardised, by remoteness are
Page 566 and 567:
Page 568 and 569:
SHRG (Social Health Reference Group
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9.4 Mental healthABS (Australian Bu
Page 572 and 573:
Procter, N. 2005, ‘Parasuicide, s
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Daly, A.E. 2001, Implications of De
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Menzies School of Health Research 2
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infrastructure as well as functioni
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some duplication, as patients can h
Page 582 and 583:
After adjusting for age differences
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Figure 10.1.2 Age standardised hosp
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Figure 10.1.3 Hospitalisation rates
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Figure 10.1.4 Death rates from dise
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In rural and remote areas, there is
Page 592 and 593:
In June 2006, an estimated 510 000
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Figure 10.2.2 Experienced water int
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Types of sewerage systemsIn the 200
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Access to cooking, washing and toil
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The occupancy standard determines o
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• There were no statistically sig
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Figure 10.3.4 Proportion of Indigen
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10.2 Access to clean water and func
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Pholeros P., Rainow S. and Torzillo
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Indigenous owned land yields econom
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Box 11.1.2 ‘Things that work’
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Box 11.1.2 (continued)The success o
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Employment by full time/part time s
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Figure 11.1.3 Full time and part ti
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Figure 11.1.5 Full time and part ti
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Data on full time and part time emp
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• CDEP participation accounted fo
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people’s wellbeing (see section 1
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Box 11.2.2 Walking Tourism Business
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11.3 Indigenous owned or controlled
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The potential to derive economic be
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• land-based investments for capi
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Box 11.3.2 (continued)In 2006, fund
Page 638 and 639:
Indigenous Land Use AgreementsIndig
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• Indigenous owned or controlled
Page 642 and 643:
Figure 11.3.4 The growth of Indigen
Page 644 and 645: and corporate behaviour, and descri
Page 646 and 647: Box 11.4.2 ‘Things that work’
Page 648 and 649: Figure 11.4.1 Proportion of univers
Page 650 and 651: while the proportion of non-Indigen
Page 652 and 653: State and Territory data on the num
Page 654 and 655: areas of agreement, ‘governments
Page 656 and 657: Indigenous organisations, by and la
Page 658 and 659: • Coordination and decision makin
Page 660 and 661: Box 11.5.4 (continued)The Board of
Page 662 and 663: Box 11.5.6 (continued)3. Are effect
Page 664 and 665: Box 11.5.8 (continued)The Pitjantja
Page 666 and 667: Box 11.5.10 Governance trainingWuna
Page 668 and 669: • strategic policy and evaluation
Page 670 and 671: Box 11.5.13 Developing youth leader
Page 672 and 673: third parties enter into an equal a
Page 674 and 675: The OIPC red tape evaluation (OIPC
Page 676 and 677: old. Some will be new’ (Cornell a
Page 678 and 679: circumstances or risk profile of th
Page 680 and 681: 11.6 Future directions in dataEmplo
Page 682 and 683: Table 11A.1.10 Occupation skill lev
Page 684 and 685: 11.3 Indigenous owned or controlled
Page 686 and 687: Gerritson, R. 2001, Community Capac
Page 688 and 689: Reconciliation Australia 2006b, 200
Page 690 and 691: Torres Strait Islander people compr
Page 692 and 693: Labour force participation and unem
Page 696 and 697: Attachment tablesAttachment tables
Page 698 and 699: Patterns of relative disadvantage b
Page 700 and 701: 13.1.2 Differences between women an
Page 702 and 703: Figure 13.1.3 Relative disadvantage
Page 704 and 705: 13.2 Associations between headline
Page 706 and 707: Figure 13.2.2 People aged 15 years
Page 708 and 709: Figure 13.2.4 People aged 15 years
Page 710 and 711: Box 13.3.1 (continued)For example,
Page 712 and 713: • more common among unemployed pe
Page 714 and 715: 13.4 Notes on methodologyThe analys
Page 716 and 717: 13.22 OVERCOMINGINDIGENOUSDISADVANT
Page 718 and 719: • reviewing and re-engineering pr
Page 720 and 721: The working group will consider how
Page 722 and 723: Australian Government commentsThe f
Page 724 and 725: New South Wales Government comments
Page 726 and 727: Victorian Government commentsIn Oct
Page 728 and 729: Queensland Government commentsThe Q
Page 730 and 731: Western Australian Government comme
Page 732 and 733: South Australian Government comment
Page 734 and 735: Tasmanian Government commentsThe Ta
Page 736 and 737: Australian Capital Territory Govern
Page 738 and 739: Northern Territory Government comme
Page 740 and 741: IMPLEMENTATION OFTHE FRAMEWORKA2.21
Page 742 and 743: Figure A3.2 Proportion of the popul
Page 744 and 745:
• The proportion of the Indigenou
Page 746 and 747:
e disaggregated by different factor
Page 748 and 749:
identify when asked by police. Henc
Page 750 and 751:
Indicators Measures Data sources3 H
Page 752 and 753:
Indicator Measure Data source3.5 La
Page 754 and 755:
Indicator Measure Data source3.10 D
Page 756 and 757:
Indicator Measure Data source5.5 Ch
Page 758 and 759:
Indicator Measure Data source7.5 Tr
Page 760 and 761:
Indicator Measure Data source9.2 Re
Page 762 and 763:
Indicator Measure Data source9.5 Pr
Page 764 and 765:
Indicator Measure Data source11 Eco
Page 766 and 767:
Acronyms and abbreviationsABSACERAI
Page 768:
Australia 1995-2003, Trends and Iss
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