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Attachment tablesAttachment tables for this chapter are identified in references throughout thischapter by an ‘A’ suffix (for example, table 9A.2.3). A list of attachment tables is insection 9.9. These tables can be found on the Review web page(www.pc.gov.au/gsp). Users can also contact the Secretariat to obtain theattachment tables.9.1 Children on care and protection ordersBox 9.1.1Key messages• Almost 30 out of every 1000 Indigenous children aged 0–17 years were on care andprotection orders at 30 June 2006, compared to 4.5 per 1000 non-Indigenouschildren (table 9.1.1).• From 1999-2000 to 2005-06 the rate of children on care and protection ordersincreased for both Indigenous and non-Indigenous children in all states andterritories (table 9A.1.1).Data on Indigenous children under care and protection orders show the extent towhich the State or Territory has made some form of legal intervention for protectivereasons. This intervention may be indicative of the social and cultural stress underwhich many Indigenous communities live. In such conditions, the extendednetworks that could normally intervene in favour of the child may no longer exist.This indicator also includes data on placement of Indigenous children in out-ofhomecare in accordance with the Aboriginal Child Placement Principle.The headline indicator ‘substantiated child abuse and neglect’ shows those instanceswhere authorities were notified, and subsequently decided, that a child was or couldbe at risk (see section 3.9). Once a matter has been substantiated, the authoritieshave a number of options available to them that do not require a care and protectionorder:• working with the family to address protective issues• developing networks of support for the child• monitoring and reviewing the safety of the child• monitoring and reviewing family progress against case planning goals• case conferences with agencies providing services to the child• specialist child-focused therapeutic support (SCRCSSP 2003).OVERCOMINGINDIGENOUSDISADVANTAGE 2007
These options are intended to address the specific issue(s) causing the childprotection concern. Various services could be provided without a court order beinggranted. Not all substantiations, therefore, will lead to a care and protection order.A care and protection order is a legal intervention for protective reasons. Courtorders may be used to enable the relevant agency to undertake activities necessaryto resolve the protection issue. The use of court orders could be associated with:• the speed of response required (that is, an emergency response)• the family not engaging with the relevant agency over a period of time• a change of circumstances that increases the risk to the child or young person(SCRCSSP 2003).Some children are on care and protection orders for reasons other than abuse orneglect; for instance, where there is an irretrievable breakdown in the relationshipsin the family or where the parents are unwilling or unable to care for the child.Notwithstanding this, given that legal intervention is usually a last resort after otheroptions have failed or are considered infeasible –– care and protection orders mayprovide some insight into the most serious or long-term instances of child abuse andneglect. These instances could, potentially, reflect the most serious harm anddamage to the child and the ability of the family to function.The types of orders that are classified as ‘care and protection’ include:• Guardianship or custody orders: which have the impact of transferring custodyor guardianship• Supervision orders: and other finalised orders which give the State or Territorysome responsibility for the child’s welfare• Interim and temporary orders: which include orders that are not finalised, andcare applications.Care should be taken in interpreting the care and protection data. It is a proxyindicator because no credible data exist on actual levels of child abuse or neglect.The data collected by community service departments may under-estimate the trueextent of abuse or neglect occurring within both the Indigenous and non-Indigenouscommunities.In some instances, increases in notifications (and subsequent substantiations) maybe a result of reduced tolerance in Indigenous families and the broader Indigenouscommunity of abuse or neglect of children. An increased rate in these instances willsignify increased awareness and identification of the problem — which is moredesirable than abuse and neglect occurring but not being reported.FUNCTIONAL ANDRESILIENT FAMILIESAND COMMUNITIES
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© Commonwealth of Australia 2007IS
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ForewordIn 2003, when heads of Aust
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ContentsForewordContentsAcronyms an
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7.4 Juvenile diversions as a propor
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Acronyms and abbreviationsABSACDPAC
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LSAYLSICMCATSIAMCEETYAMOUNATSISNATS
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GlossaryAboriginalAge standardisedr
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ICDEquivalisedhousehold incomeIncom
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For example, the gross monthly inco
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StatisticalsignificanceStatistical
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In May 1997, I wrote to your predec
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situations of Aboriginal people and
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Other health outcomes deteriorated.
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• Indigenous owned or controlled
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Governments and Indigenous people h
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• on-going government support (in
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Source: ABS (2004b); table 3A.1.1.D
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Apparent retention rates of full ti
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The labour force participation rate
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Home ownership is an important econ
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Substantiated child abuse and negle
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Box 1.16KEY MESSAGES• Comparable
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Age standardised adult imprisonment
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Strategic areas for actionFunctiona
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Box 1.21Things that work• The Jab
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Box 1.25Things that work• Congres
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Box 1.28KEY MESSAGES• Data on too
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elationship between the number of d
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uilt upon, or interventions can ass
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Box 1.37KEY MESSAGES• In 2006, 8
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Box 1.41Things that work• The Cir
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Alcohol consumption at long term ri
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Box 1.47• In 2004-05:KEY MESSAGES
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Prisoners, by known prior adult imp
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Box 1.54Things that work• The Mar
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ceremonies, rituals and history. So
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Communication with service provider
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Hospitalisation rates for Indigenou
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Indigenous people 15 years and over
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Box 1.67Things that work• The Abo
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mining royalties and tourism), Indi
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Box 1.74KEY MESSAGES• Six determi
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Median (mid point) individual incom
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FUTURE DIRECTIONS IN DATANotwithsta
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1 IntroductionIn April 2002, the Co
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In order to provide a comprehensive
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Identify indicators that are of rel
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—— 2004-2007a, Report on Govern
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2 The frameworkThe first two sectio
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3. Strategic areas for actionGovern
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Headline indicatorsThe headline ind
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Figure 2.2.3 A preventive model —
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• Retention at year 9• Indigeno
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Similarly, the previous indicator
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In 2006, following publication of t
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Suggested cultural indicators were
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The ‘Economic participation and d
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• Survey data: surveys, such as t
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• 2004-05 National Health Survey
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—— 2004b, National Aboriginal a
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3 Headline indicatorsSafe, healthy
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specific death rates 1 ) continued
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while the life expectancy of Indige
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Table 3.1.2Age specific death rates
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• In the period 2001 to 2005, age
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Box 3.2.2‘Things that work’ - d
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In 2002, the proportion of Indigeno
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• Among older people (aged 55 yea
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people with at least one long-term
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Table 3.2.1Age standardised hospita
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wellbeing (and other positive healt
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Health and education are intimately
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Figure 3.3.2 Apparent retention rat
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Figure 3.3.4 Apparent retention rat
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• Nationally, the proportion of I
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• their health outcomes and their
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extent to which people over 18 year
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Post secondary attainmentOne measur
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• In 2005, the national load pass
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3.5 Labour force participation and
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communities where the labour market
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Figure 3.5.2 CDEP participation, In
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Table 3.5.1Labour force participati
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• Nationally, the labour force pa
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Figure 3.5.7 Unemployment rate of p
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Figure 3.5.9 Unemployment rate of p
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Figure 3.5.10 Long term unemploymen
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Chapter 12 of this Report discusses
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Box 3.6.2(continued)Median value is
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Figure 3.6.1 Median gross weekly eq
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the population into five equal grou
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Figure 3.6.5 Distribution of gross
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• Age-related patterns in income
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Box 3.7.2‘Things that work’ —
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easonably simple to derive and prov
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Figure 3.7.2 Proportion of Indigeno
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3.8 Suicide and self-harmBox 3.8.1K
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Box 3.8.2(continued)A study found t
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Figure 3.8.2 Intentional self-harm
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Figure 3.8.3 Average annual suicide
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• Analysis of data from the Top E
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healthy and supported by their fami
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Figure 3.9.1 Rate per 1000 children
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Figure 3.9.3 Children aged 0-16 yea
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Table 3.9.1Number of diagnoses of c
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Indigenous than non-Indigenous peop
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Figure 3.10.1 Homicide death rates,
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Figure 3.10.3 Average annual homici
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Table 3.10.1 Comparative statistics
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Patterns and trendsPatterns and tre
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Hospitalisations for assaultFigure
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The lack of a common definition mea
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Box 3.11.2 (continued)A key compone
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• Indigenous women reported highe
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Figure 3.11.2 SAAP support periods:
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New South WalesFigure 3.11.3 Victim
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VictoriaFigure 3.11.5 Victims recor
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non-Indigenous people (65.3 per cen
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Figure 3.11.7 Victim-offender relat
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Northern TerritoryTable 3.11.2 Vict
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murder the offender was ‘other’
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Box 3.12.2 (continued)Victoria’s
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People under 18 years are treated a
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Figure 3.12.1 Age standardised impr
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past five years, the rates of impri
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Juvenile detentionFigure 3.12.4 Juv
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• Nationally on 30 June 2005, the
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3.11 Family and community violenceT
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Table 3A.3.10Table 3A.3.11Table 3A.
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3.6 Household and individual income
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3.11 Family and community violenceT
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Table 3A.11.46Table 3A.11.47Table 3
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—— and AIHW (Australian Institu
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http://www.who.int/hpr/NPH/docs/ott
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Hunter, B. and Gray, M. 1999, Furth
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Swan, P. and Raphael, B. 1995, Ways
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—— 2005, Through Young Black Ey
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—— 2006, Population by Age and
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3.12 Imprisonment and juvenile dete
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4 Strategic areas for action4.1 The
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5 Early child development and growt
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cited in Couzos, Metcalf and Murray
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some Aboriginal communities are ass
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Box 5.1.2(continued)Growth Assessme
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preventable condition for which Ind
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Figure 5.1.2 Deaths from external c
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Box 5.2.2(continued)Between 1993-95
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Figure 5.2.2 Infant mortality, by I
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irth weight are compounded by high
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Box 5.3.2(continued)Strong Women, S
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Box 5.3.2(continued)The model was d
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abies had non-Indigenous mothers an
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5.4 Hearing impedimentsBox 5.4.1Key
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Box 5.4.2(continued)• Chronic oti
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Figure 5.4.2 Prevalence of otitis m
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• Although the hospitalisation ra
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Table 5.5.1Children’s mean number
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• The percentage of Indigenous ch
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difference in scores between Indige
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• According to the 2002 Child Den
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• A greater proportion of Indigen
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Figure 5.5.5 Hospital dental proced
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The proposed Longitudinal Study of
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5.8 References5 Early child develop
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Central Public Health Unit Network
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Mackerras D 1998, Evaluation of the
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Leach, A.J., Boswell, J.B., Asche,
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Harford, J., Spencer, J., Roberts-T
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6 Early school engagement andperfor
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2002). Gaps that appear in children
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Table 6.1.1Participation rates in p
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this approach was legal (DEWR 2006)
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• School participation rates are
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Box 6.3.2(continued)Scaffolding Lit
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Figure 6.3.2 Proportion of year 3 s
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6.3 Year 3 literacy and numeracyTab
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NTDE (Northern Territory Department
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Young People, Curtin University of
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7 Positive childhood and transition
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In most states and territories, com
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Attachment tablesAttachment tables
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Nationally comparable learning outc
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Year 5 writingFigure 7.1.3 Proporti
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Year 5 numeracyFigure 7.1.5 Proport
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Year 7 readingFigure 7.1.7 Proporti
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Year 7 writingFigure 7.1.9 Proporti
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Year 7 numeracyFigure 7.1.11 Propor
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then year 7 in 2005, and be tested
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Figure 7.1.15 Proportion of year 3
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non-Indigenous children, reducing t
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7.3 Indigenous cultural studies in
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Box 7.3.2Bendigo Senior Secondary C
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Box 7.3.6Western Arrernte Picture D
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Table 7.3.1 Indigenous employment i
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Box 7.3.8RATEP — a community base
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Box 7.4.2(continued)• Police and
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New South WalesTable 7.4.1NSW, numb
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pattern was observed for non-Indige
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Figure 7.4.2 WA, Indigenous and non
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Figure 7.4.3 SA, proportion of Indi
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7.5 Transition from school to workB
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(see section 7.2 Retention at year
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studying, for both Indigenous and n
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• Similar patterns to those in th
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7.6 Future directions in dataYears
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Table 7A.4.12Table 7A.4.13Victoria,
Page 425 and 426: Paper National Benchmark Results Re
Page 427: Randell, N. (ed.) 2002, Including t
Page 430 and 431: and important correlates of crimina
Page 432 and 433: 8.1 Alcohol consumption and harmBox
Page 434 and 435: Patterns of alcohol consumptionThe
Page 436 and 437: Figure 8.1.1 Alcohol consumption at
Page 438 and 439: • For both Indigenous and non-Ind
Page 440 and 441: Table 8.1.3Alcohol consumption at s
Page 442 and 443: Figure 8.1.4 Alcohol involvement in
Page 444 and 445: disability and behaviour problems (
Page 446 and 447: • hospitalisation rates for all c
Page 448 and 449: Data on tobacco use in this section
Page 450 and 451: current daily smokers than non-Indi
Page 452 and 453: Figure 8.2.4 Mothers reporting smok
Page 454 and 455: 8.3 Drug and other substance use an
Page 456 and 457: In 2004-05, among Indigenous adults
Page 458 and 459: interventions, there had been a red
Page 460 and 461: Drug related crimeBroadly speaking,
Page 462 and 463: Figure 8.3.2 Drug influenced Indige
Page 464 and 465: • develop an appropriate methodol
Page 466 and 467: Strait Islander Peoples 2005, ABS C
Page 468 and 469: AIHW (Australian Institute of Healt
Page 470 and 471: Makkai T. and Payne J. 2003, Drugs
Page 472 and 473: • income• suicide and self-harm
Page 474 and 475: Following consultations in 2006, a
Page 478 and 479: An increased rate may also be due t
Page 480 and 481: Figure 9.1.1 Placement of Indigenou
Page 482 and 483: Box 9.2.2(continued)their local com
Page 484 and 485: Adult repeat offendingFigure 9.2.1
Page 486 and 487: • Nationally in 2006, 75.3 per ce
Page 488 and 489: 69.0 per cent had been in prison pr
Page 490 and 491: juvenile justice system and 2 496 a
Page 492 and 493: juvenile justice system was dismiss
Page 494 and 495: chronic disease, early child develo
Page 496 and 497: Box 9.3.3‘Things that work’ —
Page 498 and 499: Table 9.3.1Expenditure on health ca
Page 500 and 501: Table 9.3.2Age standardised hospita
Page 502 and 503: presents hospitalisation rates for
Page 504 and 505: lower than those in 2001-02 for bot
Page 506 and 507: Figure 9.3.2 compares the length of
Page 508 and 509: non-remote areas were twice as like
Page 510 and 511: • A greater proportion of discret
Page 512 and 513: The following definitions of mental
Page 514 and 515: Box 9.4.2(continued)Aboriginal Ment
Page 516 and 517: • In 2004-05, 48.0 per cent of In
Page 518 and 519: • Life events or ‘stressors’
Page 520 and 521: • Over the period, the age-standa
Page 522 and 523: Table 9.4.2Indigenous standardised
Page 524 and 525: Death rates for mental and behaviou
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A WA study on prisoner health and m
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• The proportion of children at h
Page 530 and 531:
Some Indigenous people living in ci
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Figure 9.5.3 Proportion of Indigeno
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were judged by their teachers to be
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Figure 9.6.2 Participation in exerc
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Box 9.6.3Little Yuin Aboriginal Pre
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Box 9.6.6Athletics Australia ‘Ath
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Box 9.6.8(continued)The Australian
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discrete Aboriginal and Torres Stra
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Figure 9.7.3 How Indigenous people
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Figure 9.7.5 Communication with ser
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Indigenous communities. 2 The 2006
Page 552 and 553:
with the 1993 Western Australian Ch
Page 554 and 555:
Box 9.7.3Health Education Unit —
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Box 9.7.5Interpreter accreditation
Page 558 and 559:
Box 9.7.8Pre-hospital care in remot
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Participation in organised sport, a
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9.3 Access to primary health careTa
Page 564 and 565:
age standardised, by remoteness are
Page 566 and 567:
Page 568 and 569:
SHRG (Social Health Reference Group
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9.4 Mental healthABS (Australian Bu
Page 572 and 573:
Procter, N. 2005, ‘Parasuicide, s
Page 574 and 575:
Daly, A.E. 2001, Implications of De
Page 576 and 577:
Menzies School of Health Research 2
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infrastructure as well as functioni
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some duplication, as patients can h
Page 582 and 583:
After adjusting for age differences
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Figure 10.1.2 Age standardised hosp
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Figure 10.1.3 Hospitalisation rates
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Figure 10.1.4 Death rates from dise
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In rural and remote areas, there is
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In June 2006, an estimated 510 000
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Figure 10.2.2 Experienced water int
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Types of sewerage systemsIn the 200
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Access to cooking, washing and toil
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The occupancy standard determines o
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• There were no statistically sig
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Figure 10.3.4 Proportion of Indigen
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10.2 Access to clean water and func
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Pholeros P., Rainow S. and Torzillo
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Indigenous owned land yields econom
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Box 11.1.2 ‘Things that work’
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Box 11.1.2 (continued)The success o
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Employment by full time/part time s
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Figure 11.1.3 Full time and part ti
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Figure 11.1.5 Full time and part ti
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Data on full time and part time emp
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• CDEP participation accounted fo
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people’s wellbeing (see section 1
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Box 11.2.2 Walking Tourism Business
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11.3 Indigenous owned or controlled
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The potential to derive economic be
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• land-based investments for capi
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Box 11.3.2 (continued)In 2006, fund
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Indigenous Land Use AgreementsIndig
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• Indigenous owned or controlled
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Figure 11.3.4 The growth of Indigen
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and corporate behaviour, and descri
Page 646 and 647:
Box 11.4.2 ‘Things that work’
Page 648 and 649:
Figure 11.4.1 Proportion of univers
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while the proportion of non-Indigen
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State and Territory data on the num
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areas of agreement, ‘governments
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Indigenous organisations, by and la
Page 658 and 659:
• Coordination and decision makin
Page 660 and 661:
Box 11.5.4 (continued)The Board of
Page 662 and 663:
Box 11.5.6 (continued)3. Are effect
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Box 11.5.8 (continued)The Pitjantja
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Box 11.5.10 Governance trainingWuna
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• strategic policy and evaluation
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Box 11.5.13 Developing youth leader
Page 672 and 673:
third parties enter into an equal a
Page 674 and 675:
The OIPC red tape evaluation (OIPC
Page 676 and 677:
old. Some will be new’ (Cornell a
Page 678 and 679:
circumstances or risk profile of th
Page 680 and 681:
11.6 Future directions in dataEmplo
Page 682 and 683:
Table 11A.1.10 Occupation skill lev
Page 684 and 685:
11.3 Indigenous owned or controlled
Page 686 and 687:
Gerritson, R. 2001, Community Capac
Page 688 and 689:
Reconciliation Australia 2006b, 200
Page 690 and 691:
Torres Strait Islander people compr
Page 692 and 693:
Labour force participation and unem
Page 694 and 695:
section 12.1). The files containing
Page 696 and 697:
Attachment tablesAttachment tables
Page 698 and 699:
Patterns of relative disadvantage b
Page 700 and 701:
13.1.2 Differences between women an
Page 702 and 703:
Figure 13.1.3 Relative disadvantage
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13.2 Associations between headline
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Figure 13.2.2 People aged 15 years
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Figure 13.2.4 People aged 15 years
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Box 13.3.1 (continued)For example,
Page 712 and 713:
• more common among unemployed pe
Page 714 and 715:
13.4 Notes on methodologyThe analys
Page 716 and 717:
13.22 OVERCOMINGINDIGENOUSDISADVANT
Page 718 and 719:
• reviewing and re-engineering pr
Page 720 and 721:
The working group will consider how
Page 722 and 723:
Australian Government commentsThe f
Page 724 and 725:
New South Wales Government comments
Page 726 and 727:
Victorian Government commentsIn Oct
Page 728 and 729:
Queensland Government commentsThe Q
Page 730 and 731:
Western Australian Government comme
Page 732 and 733:
South Australian Government comment
Page 734 and 735:
Tasmanian Government commentsThe Ta
Page 736 and 737:
Australian Capital Territory Govern
Page 738 and 739:
Northern Territory Government comme
Page 740 and 741:
IMPLEMENTATION OFTHE FRAMEWORKA2.21
Page 742 and 743:
Figure A3.2 Proportion of the popul
Page 744 and 745:
• The proportion of the Indigenou
Page 746 and 747:
e disaggregated by different factor
Page 748 and 749:
identify when asked by police. Henc
Page 750 and 751:
Indicators Measures Data sources3 H
Page 752 and 753:
Indicator Measure Data source3.5 La
Page 754 and 755:
Indicator Measure Data source3.10 D
Page 756 and 757:
Indicator Measure Data source5.5 Ch
Page 758 and 759:
Indicator Measure Data source7.5 Tr
Page 760 and 761:
Indicator Measure Data source9.2 Re
Page 762 and 763:
Indicator Measure Data source9.5 Pr
Page 764 and 765:
Indicator Measure Data source11 Eco
Page 766 and 767:
Acronyms and abbreviationsABSACERAI
Page 768:
Australia 1995-2003, Trends and Iss
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