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management and commerce, economics and business law. Students in other coursesmay also be well equipped to provide leadership and contribute to good governance.Box 1.72KEY MESSAGES• In 2005, lower proportions of Indigenous than non-Indigenous students enrolled inuniversity and TAFE courses relevant to governance and management(figures 11.4.1 and 11.4.3).• Both Indigenous and non-Indigenous male students were more likely than femalesto enrol in university courses relevant to governance and management(figure 11.4.2).• Both Indigenous and non-Indigenous female students were more likely than malesto enrol in TAFE courses relevant to governance and management (figure 11.4.4).Box 1.73Things that work• The Office of the Registrar of Aboriginal Corporations (ORAC) has developed arange of corporate governance training programs for Indigenous corporations andtheir governing committees/boards (box 11.4.2).• The Managing in Two Worlds Governance Training Program aims to strengthen themanagement capacity of Victorian Aboriginal community organisations and improveservice delivery, using programs developed by ORAC (box 11.4.2).Case studies in governance arrangementsMany Indigenous bodies provide important services to their communities. Generallyspeaking, community governance refers to the ways Indigenous people cometogether to deal with community affairs, and organisational governance refers togovernance of Indigenous bodies established to undertake social, economic andcultural activities. A comprehensive picture of Indigenous governance should alsoconsider governments’ engagement with Indigenous organisations and communities— government governance.Governance is closely linked with economic development and disadvantage,because it contributes to Indigenous organisations’ and communities’ ability tomake and implement decisions. Each Indigenous community and organisation hasunique historical and cultural characteristics that are reflected in its governancearrangements, but some key determinants have general application to goodgovernance, while allowing for the unique cultures of different organisations andcommunities.OVERVIEW 61
Box 1.74KEY MESSAGES• Six determinants have general application to good Indigenous governance, whileallowing for the unique cultures of different organisations and communities:– governing institutions– leadership– self-determination– capacity building– cultural match– resources.• No one determinant in isolation is enough to lead to good governance arrangements— all determinants are necessary for sustained success.• A comprehensive picture of Indigenous governance should also consider‘government governance’ — government engagement with Indigenousorganisations and communities.Box 1.75Things that workThe Indigenous Governance Awards are a partnership project betweenReconciliation Australia and BHP Billiton, established in 2005, to encourage, rewardand promote best practice in Indigenous governance.Indigenous Governance Awards Finalists2005• Winner: Koorie Heritage Trust(Melbourne)• Highly commended: Central AustralianAboriginal Congress (Alice Springs)• Highly commended: Sunrise HealthService (Katherine)• Finalist: Goldfields Land and SeaCouncil (Kalgoorlie)• Finalist: Institute for AboriginalDevelopment (Alice Springs)• Finalist: North Coast AboriginalCorporation for Community Health(Maroochydore)• Finalist: Maari Ma Health AboriginalCorporation (Broken Hill)• Finalist: Tiwi Islands LocalGovernment (NT)2006Organisations under 10 years old• Winner: Gannambarra Enterprises(Wagga Wagga)• Highly commended: WunanFoundation (Kununurra)• Finalist: Muru Mittigar AboriginalCultural and Education Centre(Penrith)• Finalist: Nyirranggulung MardrulkNgadberre Regional Council(Katherine)Organisations over 10 years old• Winner: WuChopperen Health ServiceLimited (Cairns)• Highly commended: Yirra YaakinAboriginal Corporation (Perth)• Finalist: Wangka Maya PilbaraAboriginal Language Centre (PortHedland)• Finalist: Yarrabah Shire Council (Qld)62 OVERCOMINGINDIGENOUSDISADVANTAGE 2007
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© Commonwealth of Australia 2007IS
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ForewordIn 2003, when heads of Aust
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ContentsForewordContentsAcronyms an
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7.4 Juvenile diversions as a propor
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Acronyms and abbreviationsABSACDPAC
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LSAYLSICMCATSIAMCEETYAMOUNATSISNATS
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GlossaryAboriginalAge standardisedr
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ICDEquivalisedhousehold incomeIncom
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For example, the gross monthly inco
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StatisticalsignificanceStatistical
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In May 1997, I wrote to your predec
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situations of Aboriginal people and
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Other health outcomes deteriorated.
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• Indigenous owned or controlled
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Governments and Indigenous people h
Page 33 and 34: • on-going government support (in
Page 35 and 36: Source: ABS (2004b); table 3A.1.1.D
Page 37 and 38: Apparent retention rates of full ti
Page 39 and 40: The labour force participation rate
Page 41 and 42: Home ownership is an important econ
Page 43 and 44: Substantiated child abuse and negle
Page 45 and 46: Box 1.16KEY MESSAGES• Comparable
Page 47 and 48: Age standardised adult imprisonment
Page 49 and 50: Strategic areas for actionFunctiona
Page 51 and 52: Box 1.21Things that work• The Jab
Page 53 and 54: Box 1.25Things that work• Congres
Page 55 and 56: Box 1.28KEY MESSAGES• Data on too
Page 57 and 58: elationship between the number of d
Page 59 and 60: uilt upon, or interventions can ass
Page 61 and 62: Box 1.37KEY MESSAGES• In 2006, 8
Page 63 and 64: Box 1.41Things that work• The Cir
Page 65 and 66: Alcohol consumption at long term ri
Page 67 and 68: Box 1.47• In 2004-05:KEY MESSAGES
Page 69 and 70: Prisoners, by known prior adult imp
Page 71 and 72: Box 1.54Things that work• The Mar
Page 73 and 74: ceremonies, rituals and history. So
Page 75 and 76: Communication with service provider
Page 77 and 78: Hospitalisation rates for Indigenou
Page 79 and 80: Indigenous people 15 years and over
Page 81 and 82: Box 1.67Things that work• The Abo
Page 83: mining royalties and tourism), Indi
Page 87 and 88: Median (mid point) individual incom
Page 89 and 90: FUTURE DIRECTIONS IN DATANotwithsta
Page 91 and 92: 1 IntroductionIn April 2002, the Co
Page 93 and 94: In order to provide a comprehensive
Page 95 and 96: Identify indicators that are of rel
Page 97 and 98: —— 2004-2007a, Report on Govern
Page 99 and 100: 2 The frameworkThe first two sectio
Page 101 and 102: 3. Strategic areas for actionGovern
Page 103 and 104: Headline indicatorsThe headline ind
Page 105 and 106: Figure 2.2.3 A preventive model —
Page 107 and 108: • Retention at year 9• Indigeno
Page 109 and 110: Similarly, the previous indicator
Page 111 and 112: In 2006, following publication of t
Page 113 and 114: Suggested cultural indicators were
Page 115 and 116: The ‘Economic participation and d
Page 117 and 118: • Survey data: surveys, such as t
Page 119 and 120: • 2004-05 National Health Survey
Page 121 and 122: —— 2004b, National Aboriginal a
Page 123 and 124: 3 Headline indicatorsSafe, healthy
Page 125 and 126: specific death rates 1 ) continued
Page 127 and 128: while the life expectancy of Indige
Page 129 and 130: Table 3.1.2Age specific death rates
Page 131 and 132: • In the period 2001 to 2005, age
Page 133 and 134: Box 3.2.2‘Things that work’ - d
Page 135 and 136:
In 2002, the proportion of Indigeno
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• Among older people (aged 55 yea
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people with at least one long-term
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Table 3.2.1Age standardised hospita
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wellbeing (and other positive healt
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Health and education are intimately
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Figure 3.3.2 Apparent retention rat
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Figure 3.3.4 Apparent retention rat
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• Nationally, the proportion of I
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• their health outcomes and their
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extent to which people over 18 year
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Post secondary attainmentOne measur
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• In 2005, the national load pass
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3.5 Labour force participation and
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communities where the labour market
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Figure 3.5.2 CDEP participation, In
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Table 3.5.1Labour force participati
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• Nationally, the labour force pa
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Figure 3.5.7 Unemployment rate of p
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Figure 3.5.9 Unemployment rate of p
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Figure 3.5.10 Long term unemploymen
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Chapter 12 of this Report discusses
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Box 3.6.2(continued)Median value is
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Figure 3.6.1 Median gross weekly eq
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the population into five equal grou
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Figure 3.6.5 Distribution of gross
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• Age-related patterns in income
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Box 3.7.2‘Things that work’ —
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easonably simple to derive and prov
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Figure 3.7.2 Proportion of Indigeno
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3.8 Suicide and self-harmBox 3.8.1K
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Box 3.8.2(continued)A study found t
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Figure 3.8.2 Intentional self-harm
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Figure 3.8.3 Average annual suicide
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• Analysis of data from the Top E
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healthy and supported by their fami
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Figure 3.9.1 Rate per 1000 children
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Figure 3.9.3 Children aged 0-16 yea
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Table 3.9.1Number of diagnoses of c
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Indigenous than non-Indigenous peop
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Figure 3.10.1 Homicide death rates,
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Figure 3.10.3 Average annual homici
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Table 3.10.1 Comparative statistics
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Patterns and trendsPatterns and tre
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Hospitalisations for assaultFigure
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The lack of a common definition mea
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Box 3.11.2 (continued)A key compone
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• Indigenous women reported highe
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Figure 3.11.2 SAAP support periods:
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New South WalesFigure 3.11.3 Victim
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VictoriaFigure 3.11.5 Victims recor
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non-Indigenous people (65.3 per cen
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Figure 3.11.7 Victim-offender relat
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Northern TerritoryTable 3.11.2 Vict
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murder the offender was ‘other’
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Box 3.12.2 (continued)Victoria’s
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People under 18 years are treated a
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Figure 3.12.1 Age standardised impr
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past five years, the rates of impri
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Juvenile detentionFigure 3.12.4 Juv
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• Nationally on 30 June 2005, the
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3.11 Family and community violenceT
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Table 3A.3.10Table 3A.3.11Table 3A.
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3.6 Household and individual income
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3.11 Family and community violenceT
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Table 3A.11.46Table 3A.11.47Table 3
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—— and AIHW (Australian Institu
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http://www.who.int/hpr/NPH/docs/ott
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Hunter, B. and Gray, M. 1999, Furth
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Swan, P. and Raphael, B. 1995, Ways
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—— 2005, Through Young Black Ey
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—— 2006, Population by Age and
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3.12 Imprisonment and juvenile dete
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4 Strategic areas for action4.1 The
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5 Early child development and growt
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cited in Couzos, Metcalf and Murray
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some Aboriginal communities are ass
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Box 5.1.2(continued)Growth Assessme
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preventable condition for which Ind
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Figure 5.1.2 Deaths from external c
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Box 5.2.2(continued)Between 1993-95
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Figure 5.2.2 Infant mortality, by I
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irth weight are compounded by high
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Box 5.3.2(continued)Strong Women, S
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Box 5.3.2(continued)The model was d
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abies had non-Indigenous mothers an
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5.4 Hearing impedimentsBox 5.4.1Key
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Box 5.4.2(continued)• Chronic oti
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Figure 5.4.2 Prevalence of otitis m
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• Although the hospitalisation ra
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Table 5.5.1Children’s mean number
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• The percentage of Indigenous ch
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difference in scores between Indige
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• According to the 2002 Child Den
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• A greater proportion of Indigen
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Figure 5.5.5 Hospital dental proced
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The proposed Longitudinal Study of
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5.8 References5 Early child develop
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Central Public Health Unit Network
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Mackerras D 1998, Evaluation of the
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Leach, A.J., Boswell, J.B., Asche,
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Harford, J., Spencer, J., Roberts-T
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6 Early school engagement andperfor
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2002). Gaps that appear in children
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Table 6.1.1Participation rates in p
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this approach was legal (DEWR 2006)
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• School participation rates are
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Box 6.3.2(continued)Scaffolding Lit
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Figure 6.3.2 Proportion of year 3 s
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6.3 Year 3 literacy and numeracyTab
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NTDE (Northern Territory Department
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Young People, Curtin University of
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7 Positive childhood and transition
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In most states and territories, com
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Attachment tablesAttachment tables
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Nationally comparable learning outc
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Year 5 writingFigure 7.1.3 Proporti
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Year 5 numeracyFigure 7.1.5 Proport
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Year 7 readingFigure 7.1.7 Proporti
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Year 7 writingFigure 7.1.9 Proporti
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Year 7 numeracyFigure 7.1.11 Propor
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then year 7 in 2005, and be tested
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Figure 7.1.15 Proportion of year 3
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non-Indigenous children, reducing t
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7.3 Indigenous cultural studies in
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Box 7.3.2Bendigo Senior Secondary C
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Box 7.3.6Western Arrernte Picture D
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Table 7.3.1 Indigenous employment i
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Box 7.3.8RATEP — a community base
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Box 7.4.2(continued)• Police and
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New South WalesTable 7.4.1NSW, numb
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pattern was observed for non-Indige
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Figure 7.4.2 WA, Indigenous and non
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Figure 7.4.3 SA, proportion of Indi
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7.5 Transition from school to workB
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(see section 7.2 Retention at year
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studying, for both Indigenous and n
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• Similar patterns to those in th
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7.6 Future directions in dataYears
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Table 7A.4.12Table 7A.4.13Victoria,
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Paper National Benchmark Results Re
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Randell, N. (ed.) 2002, Including t
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and important correlates of crimina
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8.1 Alcohol consumption and harmBox
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Patterns of alcohol consumptionThe
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Figure 8.1.1 Alcohol consumption at
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• For both Indigenous and non-Ind
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Table 8.1.3Alcohol consumption at s
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Figure 8.1.4 Alcohol involvement in
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disability and behaviour problems (
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• hospitalisation rates for all c
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Data on tobacco use in this section
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current daily smokers than non-Indi
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Figure 8.2.4 Mothers reporting smok
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8.3 Drug and other substance use an
Page 456 and 457:
In 2004-05, among Indigenous adults
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interventions, there had been a red
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Drug related crimeBroadly speaking,
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Figure 8.3.2 Drug influenced Indige
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• develop an appropriate methodol
Page 466 and 467:
Strait Islander Peoples 2005, ABS C
Page 468 and 469:
AIHW (Australian Institute of Healt
Page 470 and 471:
Makkai T. and Payne J. 2003, Drugs
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• income• suicide and self-harm
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Following consultations in 2006, a
Page 476 and 477:
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An increased rate may also be due t
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Figure 9.1.1 Placement of Indigenou
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Box 9.2.2(continued)their local com
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Adult repeat offendingFigure 9.2.1
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• Nationally in 2006, 75.3 per ce
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69.0 per cent had been in prison pr
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juvenile justice system and 2 496 a
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juvenile justice system was dismiss
Page 494 and 495:
chronic disease, early child develo
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Page 498 and 499:
Table 9.3.1Expenditure on health ca
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Table 9.3.2Age standardised hospita
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presents hospitalisation rates for
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lower than those in 2001-02 for bot
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Figure 9.3.2 compares the length of
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non-remote areas were twice as like
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• A greater proportion of discret
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The following definitions of mental
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Box 9.4.2(continued)Aboriginal Ment
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• In 2004-05, 48.0 per cent of In
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• Life events or ‘stressors’
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• Over the period, the age-standa
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Table 9.4.2Indigenous standardised
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Death rates for mental and behaviou
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A WA study on prisoner health and m
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• The proportion of children at h
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Some Indigenous people living in ci
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Figure 9.5.3 Proportion of Indigeno
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were judged by their teachers to be
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Figure 9.6.2 Participation in exerc
Page 538 and 539:
Box 9.6.3Little Yuin Aboriginal Pre
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Box 9.6.6Athletics Australia ‘Ath
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Box 9.6.8(continued)The Australian
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discrete Aboriginal and Torres Stra
Page 546 and 547:
Figure 9.7.3 How Indigenous people
Page 548 and 549:
Figure 9.7.5 Communication with ser
Page 550 and 551:
Indigenous communities. 2 The 2006
Page 552 and 553:
with the 1993 Western Australian Ch
Page 554 and 555:
Box 9.7.3Health Education Unit —
Page 556 and 557:
Box 9.7.5Interpreter accreditation
Page 558 and 559:
Box 9.7.8Pre-hospital care in remot
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Participation in organised sport, a
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9.3 Access to primary health careTa
Page 564 and 565:
age standardised, by remoteness are
Page 566 and 567:
Page 568 and 569:
SHRG (Social Health Reference Group
Page 570 and 571:
9.4 Mental healthABS (Australian Bu
Page 572 and 573:
Procter, N. 2005, ‘Parasuicide, s
Page 574 and 575:
Daly, A.E. 2001, Implications of De
Page 576 and 577:
Menzies School of Health Research 2
Page 578 and 579:
infrastructure as well as functioni
Page 580 and 581:
some duplication, as patients can h
Page 582 and 583:
After adjusting for age differences
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Figure 10.1.2 Age standardised hosp
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Figure 10.1.3 Hospitalisation rates
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Figure 10.1.4 Death rates from dise
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In rural and remote areas, there is
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In June 2006, an estimated 510 000
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Figure 10.2.2 Experienced water int
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Types of sewerage systemsIn the 200
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Access to cooking, washing and toil
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The occupancy standard determines o
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• There were no statistically sig
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Figure 10.3.4 Proportion of Indigen
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10.2 Access to clean water and func
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Pholeros P., Rainow S. and Torzillo
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Indigenous owned land yields econom
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Box 11.1.2 ‘Things that work’
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Box 11.1.2 (continued)The success o
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Employment by full time/part time s
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Figure 11.1.3 Full time and part ti
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Figure 11.1.5 Full time and part ti
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Data on full time and part time emp
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• CDEP participation accounted fo
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people’s wellbeing (see section 1
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Box 11.2.2 Walking Tourism Business
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11.3 Indigenous owned or controlled
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The potential to derive economic be
Page 634 and 635:
• land-based investments for capi
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Box 11.3.2 (continued)In 2006, fund
Page 638 and 639:
Indigenous Land Use AgreementsIndig
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• Indigenous owned or controlled
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Figure 11.3.4 The growth of Indigen
Page 644 and 645:
and corporate behaviour, and descri
Page 646 and 647:
Box 11.4.2 ‘Things that work’
Page 648 and 649:
Figure 11.4.1 Proportion of univers
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while the proportion of non-Indigen
Page 652 and 653:
State and Territory data on the num
Page 654 and 655:
areas of agreement, ‘governments
Page 656 and 657:
Indigenous organisations, by and la
Page 658 and 659:
• Coordination and decision makin
Page 660 and 661:
Box 11.5.4 (continued)The Board of
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Box 11.5.6 (continued)3. Are effect
Page 664 and 665:
Box 11.5.8 (continued)The Pitjantja
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Box 11.5.10 Governance trainingWuna
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• strategic policy and evaluation
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Box 11.5.13 Developing youth leader
Page 672 and 673:
third parties enter into an equal a
Page 674 and 675:
The OIPC red tape evaluation (OIPC
Page 676 and 677:
old. Some will be new’ (Cornell a
Page 678 and 679:
circumstances or risk profile of th
Page 680 and 681:
11.6 Future directions in dataEmplo
Page 682 and 683:
Table 11A.1.10 Occupation skill lev
Page 684 and 685:
11.3 Indigenous owned or controlled
Page 686 and 687:
Gerritson, R. 2001, Community Capac
Page 688 and 689:
Reconciliation Australia 2006b, 200
Page 690 and 691:
Torres Strait Islander people compr
Page 692 and 693:
Labour force participation and unem
Page 694 and 695:
section 12.1). The files containing
Page 696 and 697:
Page 698 and 699:
Patterns of relative disadvantage b
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13.1.2 Differences between women an
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Figure 13.1.3 Relative disadvantage
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13.2 Associations between headline
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Figure 13.2.2 People aged 15 years
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Figure 13.2.4 People aged 15 years
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Box 13.3.1 (continued)For example,
Page 712 and 713:
• more common among unemployed pe
Page 714 and 715:
13.4 Notes on methodologyThe analys
Page 716 and 717:
13.22 OVERCOMINGINDIGENOUSDISADVANT
Page 718 and 719:
• reviewing and re-engineering pr
Page 720 and 721:
The working group will consider how
Page 722 and 723:
Australian Government commentsThe f
Page 724 and 725:
New South Wales Government comments
Page 726 and 727:
Victorian Government commentsIn Oct
Page 728 and 729:
Queensland Government commentsThe Q
Page 730 and 731:
Western Australian Government comme
Page 732 and 733:
South Australian Government comment
Page 734 and 735:
Tasmanian Government commentsThe Ta
Page 736 and 737:
Australian Capital Territory Govern
Page 738 and 739:
Northern Territory Government comme
Page 740 and 741:
IMPLEMENTATION OFTHE FRAMEWORKA2.21
Page 742 and 743:
Figure A3.2 Proportion of the popul
Page 744 and 745:
• The proportion of the Indigenou
Page 746 and 747:
e disaggregated by different factor
Page 748 and 749:
identify when asked by police. Henc
Page 750 and 751:
Indicators Measures Data sources3 H
Page 752 and 753:
Indicator Measure Data source3.5 La
Page 754 and 755:
Indicator Measure Data source3.10 D
Page 756 and 757:
Indicator Measure Data source5.5 Ch
Page 758 and 759:
Indicator Measure Data source7.5 Tr
Page 760 and 761:
Indicator Measure Data source9.2 Re
Page 762 and 763:
Indicator Measure Data source9.5 Pr
Page 764 and 765:
Indicator Measure Data source11 Eco
Page 766 and 767:
Acronyms and abbreviationsABSACERAI
Page 768:
Australia 1995-2003, Trends and Iss
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