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POI. The NSW Department of Juvenile Justice also plays a significant role byadministering Youth Justice Conferences, which are the mechanism for juvenilediversions in that State. The NSW Police data does not reflect the activity of YouthJustice Conferences.In Victoria, data on apprehensions describe offences charged by police as either an‘arrest’ or ‘summons’, and a diversion as a ‘caution’. Queensland Police datapresent diversionary methods of processing as ‘caution’ and ‘communityconference’, in contrast to an ‘arrest’, ‘notice to appear’, ‘summons’ or ‘warrant’. InWA, a juvenile diversion includes both ‘cautioning’ and ‘referrals to juvenile justiceteams’ by the police. A ‘formal caution’ and ‘transfer to family conference’ issuedby police in SA are classified as juvenile diversions. For the NT, the data refer toapprehension cases rather than individual persons; therefore, a number of cases canrelate to one person.Indigenous status in Victoria, WA and SA is completed on the basis of the attendingofficer’s subjective assessment of the person’s appearance and is recorded foroperational purposes only. In NSW, Queensland and the NT, police officers askjuveniles whether they are an Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander.Data from Tasmania and the ACT have not been published in this Report. In someinstances, this is because there is no Indigenous identifier currently in place or dataare not of sufficient size or quality to publish. It is anticipated that in future years amore extensive and comparable set of data will be available from jurisdictions.Data in the following section have not been adjusted to control for factors whichmight affect the likelihood of a juvenile being diverted from court by police. Thesefactors include the nature of the offence and the offending history of the youngperson.36
New South WalesTable 7.4.1NSW, number and proportion of juveniles diverted, 2005a, b, c, dUnit Indigenous Non-Indigenous Total eProceeded against other than to courtYouth conference no. 334 916 1 287Caution – Young Offenders Act no. 1 503 8 332 10 233Warning no. 2 048 14 079 17 304Infringement Notice 446 6 195 7 317Total no. 4 331 29 522 36 141Proceeded against to court no. 4 821 9 019 14 315Proportion of juveniles diverted % 47.3 76.6 71.6a This table represents persons of interest (POIs) or alleged offenders who have come to the attention ofNSW Police for a recorded criminal incident (driving offences are excluded). Not all crimes have anassociated POI. The table only shows POIs whom the police have taken action against. 'Proceeded againstto court' includes the issue of court attendance notices, charges and summonses. 'Youth JusticeConference' shows police conference referrals but excludes court referrals. b Under the Young OffendersAct 1997 (NSW), when police apprehend a young person they must first consider whether the young personis entitled to be diverted under the Act by way of warning, caution or youth justice conference. c Excludedfrom this table were 1335 juvenile POIs whose status was recorded by police as 'legal process not furtherclassified'. d Indigenous status is based on self-identification by the juvenile. e ‘Total’ includes thosejuveniles whose status is unknown.Source: NSW Bureau of Crime Statistics and Research (unpublished); table 7A.4.4.Table 7.4.1 shows the various legal processes NSW Police can employ againstalleged offenders. The proportion of juveniles diverted includes those referred to a‘youth conference’ and those given a ‘caution’, ‘warning’ or ‘infringement notice’;none of which require the juvenile to attend court.• Indigenous juveniles were diverted at a lesser rate than non-Indigenous juvenilesin 2005 (47.3 per cent compared to 76.6 per cent) (table 7.4.1).• The highest number of cautions and referrals to youth justice conferences issuedto Indigenous and non-Indigenous juveniles in NSW was for ‘theft’ in 2004(table 7A.4.1) and 2005 (table 7A.4.2).• The proportion of Indigenous juveniles diverted by police increased from 2004to 2005 (43.8 per cent in 2004 compared with 47.3 per cent in 2005)(tables 7A.4.3 and 7A.4.4). In 2004, 77.9 per cent of non-Indigenous juvenileswere diverted (table 7A.4.3), similar to the 76.6 per cent diverted in 2005(table 7.4.4).37
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© Commonwealth of Australia 2007IS
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ForewordIn 2003, when heads of Aust
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ContentsForewordContentsAcronyms an
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7.4 Juvenile diversions as a propor
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Acronyms and abbreviationsABSACDPAC
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LSAYLSICMCATSIAMCEETYAMOUNATSISNATS
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GlossaryAboriginalAge standardisedr
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ICDEquivalisedhousehold incomeIncom
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For example, the gross monthly inco
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StatisticalsignificanceStatistical
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In May 1997, I wrote to your predec
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situations of Aboriginal people and
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Other health outcomes deteriorated.
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• Indigenous owned or controlled
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Governments and Indigenous people h
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• on-going government support (in
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Source: ABS (2004b); table 3A.1.1.D
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Apparent retention rates of full ti
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The labour force participation rate
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Home ownership is an important econ
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Substantiated child abuse and negle
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Box 1.16KEY MESSAGES• Comparable
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Age standardised adult imprisonment
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Strategic areas for actionFunctiona
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Box 1.21Things that work• The Jab
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Box 1.25Things that work• Congres
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Box 1.28KEY MESSAGES• Data on too
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elationship between the number of d
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uilt upon, or interventions can ass
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Box 1.37KEY MESSAGES• In 2006, 8
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Box 1.41Things that work• The Cir
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Alcohol consumption at long term ri
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Box 1.47• In 2004-05:KEY MESSAGES
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Prisoners, by known prior adult imp
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Box 1.54Things that work• The Mar
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ceremonies, rituals and history. So
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Communication with service provider
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Hospitalisation rates for Indigenou
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Indigenous people 15 years and over
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Box 1.67Things that work• The Abo
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mining royalties and tourism), Indi
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Box 1.74KEY MESSAGES• Six determi
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Median (mid point) individual incom
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FUTURE DIRECTIONS IN DATANotwithsta
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1 IntroductionIn April 2002, the Co
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In order to provide a comprehensive
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Identify indicators that are of rel
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—— 2004-2007a, Report on Govern
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2 The frameworkThe first two sectio
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3. Strategic areas for actionGovern
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Headline indicatorsThe headline ind
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Figure 2.2.3 A preventive model —
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• Retention at year 9• Indigeno
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Similarly, the previous indicator
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In 2006, following publication of t
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Suggested cultural indicators were
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The ‘Economic participation and d
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• Survey data: surveys, such as t
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• 2004-05 National Health Survey
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—— 2004b, National Aboriginal a
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3 Headline indicatorsSafe, healthy
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specific death rates 1 ) continued
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while the life expectancy of Indige
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Table 3.1.2Age specific death rates
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• In the period 2001 to 2005, age
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Box 3.2.2‘Things that work’ - d
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In 2002, the proportion of Indigeno
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• Among older people (aged 55 yea
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people with at least one long-term
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Table 3.2.1Age standardised hospita
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wellbeing (and other positive healt
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Health and education are intimately
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Figure 3.3.2 Apparent retention rat
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Figure 3.3.4 Apparent retention rat
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• Nationally, the proportion of I
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• their health outcomes and their
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extent to which people over 18 year
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Post secondary attainmentOne measur
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• In 2005, the national load pass
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3.5 Labour force participation and
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communities where the labour market
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Figure 3.5.2 CDEP participation, In
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Table 3.5.1Labour force participati
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• Nationally, the labour force pa
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Figure 3.5.7 Unemployment rate of p
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Figure 3.5.9 Unemployment rate of p
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Figure 3.5.10 Long term unemploymen
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Chapter 12 of this Report discusses
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Box 3.6.2(continued)Median value is
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Figure 3.6.1 Median gross weekly eq
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the population into five equal grou
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Figure 3.6.5 Distribution of gross
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• Age-related patterns in income
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Box 3.7.2‘Things that work’ —
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easonably simple to derive and prov
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Figure 3.7.2 Proportion of Indigeno
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3.8 Suicide and self-harmBox 3.8.1K
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Box 3.8.2(continued)A study found t
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Figure 3.8.2 Intentional self-harm
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Figure 3.8.3 Average annual suicide
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• Analysis of data from the Top E
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healthy and supported by their fami
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Figure 3.9.1 Rate per 1000 children
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Figure 3.9.3 Children aged 0-16 yea
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Table 3.9.1Number of diagnoses of c
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Indigenous than non-Indigenous peop
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Figure 3.10.1 Homicide death rates,
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Figure 3.10.3 Average annual homici
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Table 3.10.1 Comparative statistics
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Patterns and trendsPatterns and tre
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Hospitalisations for assaultFigure
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The lack of a common definition mea
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Box 3.11.2 (continued)A key compone
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• Indigenous women reported highe
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Figure 3.11.2 SAAP support periods:
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New South WalesFigure 3.11.3 Victim
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VictoriaFigure 3.11.5 Victims recor
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non-Indigenous people (65.3 per cen
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Figure 3.11.7 Victim-offender relat
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Northern TerritoryTable 3.11.2 Vict
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murder the offender was ‘other’
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Box 3.12.2 (continued)Victoria’s
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People under 18 years are treated a
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Figure 3.12.1 Age standardised impr
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past five years, the rates of impri
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Juvenile detentionFigure 3.12.4 Juv
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• Nationally on 30 June 2005, the
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3.11 Family and community violenceT
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Table 3A.3.10Table 3A.3.11Table 3A.
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3.6 Household and individual income
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3.11 Family and community violenceT
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Table 3A.11.46Table 3A.11.47Table 3
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—— and AIHW (Australian Institu
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http://www.who.int/hpr/NPH/docs/ott
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Hunter, B. and Gray, M. 1999, Furth
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Swan, P. and Raphael, B. 1995, Ways
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—— 2005, Through Young Black Ey
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—— 2006, Population by Age and
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3.12 Imprisonment and juvenile dete
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4 Strategic areas for action4.1 The
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5 Early child development and growt
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cited in Couzos, Metcalf and Murray
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some Aboriginal communities are ass
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Box 5.1.2(continued)Growth Assessme
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preventable condition for which Ind
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Figure 5.1.2 Deaths from external c
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Box 5.2.2(continued)Between 1993-95
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Figure 5.2.2 Infant mortality, by I
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irth weight are compounded by high
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Box 5.3.2(continued)Strong Women, S
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Box 5.3.2(continued)The model was d
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abies had non-Indigenous mothers an
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5.4 Hearing impedimentsBox 5.4.1Key
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Box 5.4.2(continued)• Chronic oti
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Figure 5.4.2 Prevalence of otitis m
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• Although the hospitalisation ra
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Table 5.5.1Children’s mean number
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• The percentage of Indigenous ch
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difference in scores between Indige
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• According to the 2002 Child Den
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• A greater proportion of Indigen
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Figure 5.5.5 Hospital dental proced
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The proposed Longitudinal Study of
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5.8 References5 Early child develop
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Central Public Health Unit Network
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Mackerras D 1998, Evaluation of the
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Leach, A.J., Boswell, J.B., Asche,
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Harford, J., Spencer, J., Roberts-T
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6 Early school engagement andperfor
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2002). Gaps that appear in children
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Table 6.1.1Participation rates in p
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this approach was legal (DEWR 2006)
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• School participation rates are
Page 353 and 354: Box 6.3.2(continued)Scaffolding Lit
Page 355 and 356: Figure 6.3.2 Proportion of year 3 s
Page 361 and 362: 6.3 Year 3 literacy and numeracyTab
Page 363 and 364: Table 6A.3.46Table 6A.3.47Table 6A.
Page 365 and 366: NTDE (Northern Territory Department
Page 367 and 368: Young People, Curtin University of
Page 369 and 370: 7 Positive childhood and transition
Page 371 and 372: In most states and territories, com
Page 373 and 374: Attachment tablesAttachment tables
Page 375 and 376: Nationally comparable learning outc
Page 377 and 378: Year 5 writingFigure 7.1.3 Proporti
Page 379 and 380: Year 5 numeracyFigure 7.1.5 Proport
Page 381 and 382: Year 7 readingFigure 7.1.7 Proporti
Page 383 and 384: Year 7 writingFigure 7.1.9 Proporti
Page 385 and 386: Year 7 numeracyFigure 7.1.11 Propor
Page 387 and 388: then year 7 in 2005, and be tested
Page 389 and 390: Figure 7.1.15 Proportion of year 3
Page 391 and 392: non-Indigenous children, reducing t
Page 393 and 394: 7.3 Indigenous cultural studies in
Page 395 and 396: Box 7.3.2Bendigo Senior Secondary C
Page 397 and 398: Box 7.3.6Western Arrernte Picture D
Page 399 and 400: Table 7.3.1 Indigenous employment i
Page 401 and 402: Box 7.3.8RATEP — a community base
Page 403: Box 7.4.2(continued)• Police and
Page 407 and 408: pattern was observed for non-Indige
Page 409 and 410: Figure 7.4.2 WA, Indigenous and non
Page 411 and 412: Figure 7.4.3 SA, proportion of Indi
Page 413 and 414: 7.5 Transition from school to workB
Page 415 and 416: (see section 7.2 Retention at year
Page 417 and 418: studying, for both Indigenous and n
Page 419 and 420: • Similar patterns to those in th
Page 421 and 422: 7.6 Future directions in dataYears
Page 423 and 424: Table 7A.4.12Table 7A.4.13Victoria,
Page 425 and 426: Paper National Benchmark Results Re
Page 427: Randell, N. (ed.) 2002, Including t
Page 430 and 431: and important correlates of crimina
Page 432 and 433: 8.1 Alcohol consumption and harmBox
Page 434 and 435: Patterns of alcohol consumptionThe
Page 436 and 437: Figure 8.1.1 Alcohol consumption at
Page 438 and 439: • For both Indigenous and non-Ind
Page 440 and 441: Table 8.1.3Alcohol consumption at s
Page 442 and 443: Figure 8.1.4 Alcohol involvement in
Page 444 and 445: disability and behaviour problems (
Page 446 and 447: • hospitalisation rates for all c
Page 448 and 449: Data on tobacco use in this section
Page 450 and 451: current daily smokers than non-Indi
Page 452 and 453: Figure 8.2.4 Mothers reporting smok
Page 454 and 455:
8.3 Drug and other substance use an
Page 456 and 457:
In 2004-05, among Indigenous adults
Page 458 and 459:
interventions, there had been a red
Page 460 and 461:
Drug related crimeBroadly speaking,
Page 462 and 463:
Figure 8.3.2 Drug influenced Indige
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• develop an appropriate methodol
Page 466 and 467:
Strait Islander Peoples 2005, ABS C
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AIHW (Australian Institute of Healt
Page 470 and 471:
Makkai T. and Payne J. 2003, Drugs
Page 472 and 473:
• income• suicide and self-harm
Page 474 and 475:
Following consultations in 2006, a
Page 476 and 477:
Attachment tablesAttachment tables
Page 478 and 479:
An increased rate may also be due t
Page 480 and 481:
Figure 9.1.1 Placement of Indigenou
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Box 9.2.2(continued)their local com
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Adult repeat offendingFigure 9.2.1
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• Nationally in 2006, 75.3 per ce
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69.0 per cent had been in prison pr
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juvenile justice system and 2 496 a
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juvenile justice system was dismiss
Page 494 and 495:
chronic disease, early child develo
Page 496 and 497:
Page 498 and 499:
Table 9.3.1Expenditure on health ca
Page 500 and 501:
Table 9.3.2Age standardised hospita
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presents hospitalisation rates for
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lower than those in 2001-02 for bot
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Figure 9.3.2 compares the length of
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non-remote areas were twice as like
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• A greater proportion of discret
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The following definitions of mental
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Box 9.4.2(continued)Aboriginal Ment
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• In 2004-05, 48.0 per cent of In
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• Life events or ‘stressors’
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• Over the period, the age-standa
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Table 9.4.2Indigenous standardised
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Death rates for mental and behaviou
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A WA study on prisoner health and m
Page 528 and 529:
• The proportion of children at h
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Some Indigenous people living in ci
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Figure 9.5.3 Proportion of Indigeno
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were judged by their teachers to be
Page 536 and 537:
Figure 9.6.2 Participation in exerc
Page 538 and 539:
Box 9.6.3Little Yuin Aboriginal Pre
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Box 9.6.6Athletics Australia ‘Ath
Page 542 and 543:
Box 9.6.8(continued)The Australian
Page 544 and 545:
discrete Aboriginal and Torres Stra
Page 546 and 547:
Figure 9.7.3 How Indigenous people
Page 548 and 549:
Figure 9.7.5 Communication with ser
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Indigenous communities. 2 The 2006
Page 552 and 553:
with the 1993 Western Australian Ch
Page 554 and 555:
Box 9.7.3Health Education Unit —
Page 556 and 557:
Box 9.7.5Interpreter accreditation
Page 558 and 559:
Box 9.7.8Pre-hospital care in remot
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Participation in organised sport, a
Page 562 and 563:
9.3 Access to primary health careTa
Page 564 and 565:
age standardised, by remoteness are
Page 566 and 567:
Table 9A.4.41Table 9A.4.42Table 9A.
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SHRG (Social Health Reference Group
Page 570 and 571:
9.4 Mental healthABS (Australian Bu
Page 572 and 573:
Procter, N. 2005, ‘Parasuicide, s
Page 574 and 575:
Daly, A.E. 2001, Implications of De
Page 576 and 577:
Menzies School of Health Research 2
Page 578 and 579:
infrastructure as well as functioni
Page 580 and 581:
some duplication, as patients can h
Page 582 and 583:
After adjusting for age differences
Page 584 and 585:
Figure 10.1.2 Age standardised hosp
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Figure 10.1.3 Hospitalisation rates
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Figure 10.1.4 Death rates from dise
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In rural and remote areas, there is
Page 592 and 593:
In June 2006, an estimated 510 000
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Figure 10.2.2 Experienced water int
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Types of sewerage systemsIn the 200
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Access to cooking, washing and toil
Page 600 and 601:
The occupancy standard determines o
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• There were no statistically sig
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Figure 10.3.4 Proportion of Indigen
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10.2 Access to clean water and func
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Pholeros P., Rainow S. and Torzillo
Page 610 and 611:
Indigenous owned land yields econom
Page 612 and 613:
Box 11.1.2 ‘Things that work’
Page 614 and 615:
Box 11.1.2 (continued)The success o
Page 616 and 617:
Employment by full time/part time s
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Figure 11.1.3 Full time and part ti
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Figure 11.1.5 Full time and part ti
Page 622 and 623:
Data on full time and part time emp
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• CDEP participation accounted fo
Page 626 and 627:
people’s wellbeing (see section 1
Page 628 and 629:
Box 11.2.2 Walking Tourism Business
Page 630 and 631:
11.3 Indigenous owned or controlled
Page 632 and 633:
The potential to derive economic be
Page 634 and 635:
• land-based investments for capi
Page 636 and 637:
Box 11.3.2 (continued)In 2006, fund
Page 638 and 639:
Indigenous Land Use AgreementsIndig
Page 640 and 641:
• Indigenous owned or controlled
Page 642 and 643:
Figure 11.3.4 The growth of Indigen
Page 644 and 645:
and corporate behaviour, and descri
Page 646 and 647:
Box 11.4.2 ‘Things that work’
Page 648 and 649:
Figure 11.4.1 Proportion of univers
Page 650 and 651:
while the proportion of non-Indigen
Page 652 and 653:
State and Territory data on the num
Page 654 and 655:
areas of agreement, ‘governments
Page 656 and 657:
Indigenous organisations, by and la
Page 658 and 659:
• Coordination and decision makin
Page 660 and 661:
Box 11.5.4 (continued)The Board of
Page 662 and 663:
Box 11.5.6 (continued)3. Are effect
Page 664 and 665:
Box 11.5.8 (continued)The Pitjantja
Page 666 and 667:
Box 11.5.10 Governance trainingWuna
Page 668 and 669:
• strategic policy and evaluation
Page 670 and 671:
Box 11.5.13 Developing youth leader
Page 672 and 673:
third parties enter into an equal a
Page 674 and 675:
The OIPC red tape evaluation (OIPC
Page 676 and 677:
old. Some will be new’ (Cornell a
Page 678 and 679:
circumstances or risk profile of th
Page 680 and 681:
11.6 Future directions in dataEmplo
Page 682 and 683:
Table 11A.1.10 Occupation skill lev
Page 684 and 685:
11.3 Indigenous owned or controlled
Page 686 and 687:
Gerritson, R. 2001, Community Capac
Page 688 and 689:
Reconciliation Australia 2006b, 200
Page 690 and 691:
Torres Strait Islander people compr
Page 692 and 693:
Labour force participation and unem
Page 694 and 695:
section 12.1). The files containing
Page 696 and 697:
Attachment tablesAttachment tables
Page 698 and 699:
Patterns of relative disadvantage b
Page 700 and 701:
13.1.2 Differences between women an
Page 702 and 703:
Figure 13.1.3 Relative disadvantage
Page 704 and 705:
13.2 Associations between headline
Page 706 and 707:
Figure 13.2.2 People aged 15 years
Page 708 and 709:
Figure 13.2.4 People aged 15 years
Page 710 and 711:
Box 13.3.1 (continued)For example,
Page 712 and 713:
• more common among unemployed pe
Page 714 and 715:
13.4 Notes on methodologyThe analys
Page 716 and 717:
13.22 OVERCOMINGINDIGENOUSDISADVANT
Page 718 and 719:
• reviewing and re-engineering pr
Page 720 and 721:
The working group will consider how
Page 722 and 723:
Australian Government commentsThe f
Page 724 and 725:
New South Wales Government comments
Page 726 and 727:
Victorian Government commentsIn Oct
Page 728 and 729:
Queensland Government commentsThe Q
Page 730 and 731:
Western Australian Government comme
Page 732 and 733:
South Australian Government comment
Page 734 and 735:
Tasmanian Government commentsThe Ta
Page 736 and 737:
Australian Capital Territory Govern
Page 738 and 739:
Northern Territory Government comme
Page 740 and 741:
IMPLEMENTATION OFTHE FRAMEWORKA2.21
Page 742 and 743:
Figure A3.2 Proportion of the popul
Page 744 and 745:
• The proportion of the Indigenou
Page 746 and 747:
e disaggregated by different factor
Page 748 and 749:
identify when asked by police. Henc
Page 750 and 751:
Indicators Measures Data sources3 H
Page 752 and 753:
Indicator Measure Data source3.5 La
Page 754 and 755:
Indicator Measure Data source3.10 D
Page 756 and 757:
Indicator Measure Data source5.5 Ch
Page 758 and 759:
Indicator Measure Data source7.5 Tr
Page 760 and 761:
Indicator Measure Data source9.2 Re
Page 762 and 763:
Indicator Measure Data source9.5 Pr
Page 764 and 765:
Indicator Measure Data source11 Eco
Page 766 and 767:
Acronyms and abbreviationsABSACERAI
Page 768:
Australia 1995-2003, Trends and Iss
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