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• Coordination and decision making mechanisms need to be effective anddifferentiated from each other and decision making needs to be timely. Morewidespread reward and recognition for good whole of government practice isneeded. Staff engaged in whole of government initiatives need training toprovide them with the skills and knowledge on how to do whole of governmentwork. Training is needed across all levels: senior executive, middle managementand field staff.• Consistency in government personnel helps in building effective relationshipsboth between government agencies and with communities.• Shared leadership at the Ministerial, senior executive and planning levels, and atthe level of service delivery, assists in achieving both process and impactoutcomes (Morgan Disney et al 2007, pp. 7-8).The evaluations also identified significant lessons about Indigenous governancestructures and processes and how governments can support them. These lessonsbroadly reflect the key determinants discussed below.Such evaluations are crucial to avoid repeating the mistakes of the past.Governments are responsible for monitoring and evaluating policies and programsdesigned to address Indigenous disadvantage. Governments commissioned thisReport in 2002 to measure the impact of changes to policy settings and servicedelivery and provide a concrete way to measure the effect of governments’commitment to reconciliation through a jointly agreed set of indicators (COAG2002). Several states and territories are producing similar reports at thejurisdictional and even regional level (see appendix 2).At the program level, many ‘pilots’ and ‘trials’ are commissioned, implemented,run their course and then cease, with no formal, public evaluation. Opportunities tolearn from experience are lost. Often, monitoring and evaluation are hampered byinadequate data collections and performance information systems. For example,there is limited information on the use of mainstream services by Indigenouspeoples (see the Indigenous Compendium of data from the Report on GovernmentServices for available data (SCRGSP 2007a)) and very little information on thebarriers to access and use Indigenous people face (see section 9.7 on Indigenousengagement with service delivery).This Report supports the Indigenous Community Governance Projectrecommendation for governments at all levels to: better coordinate internally;reduce the number of separate departmental and program-specific consultationswith communities; rationalise government program delivery; undertake acommunity-development approach to governance building; reduce the large number11.50 OVERCOMINGINDIGENOUSDISADVANTAGE 2007
of different funding mechanisms and give more broad-based, longer-term fundinglinked to broad community development goals (Hunt and Smith 2006, p. 5).The Aboriginal Health Promotion and Chronic Care partnerships in Victoria havefacilitated a partnership approach between the Victorian Aboriginal Health Serviceand independent community health services (box 11.5.4).Box 11.5.4 ‘Things that work’ — government governanceThe Aboriginal Health Promotion and Chronic Care Partnership (AHPACC) hasfacilitated partnerships between community health services and Aboriginalorganisations in two regions in Victoria.The Northern Consortium is a partnership between the Victorian Aboriginal HealthService (VAHS) and four independent community health services: Darebin CommunityHealth, Plenty Valley Community Health Services, Dianella Community Health andNorth Yarra Community Health.The partnership is structured in two distinct parts.1. The AHPACC Reference Group comprising of VAHS, the four community healthservices and the North & West Regional Office of the Department of HumanServices. The main function of this group is the overarching planning, guiding,monitoring and evaluation of the Consortium’s AHPACC Program.2. Four sub-committees —local partnerships between VAHS and each of the fourcommunity health services for more detailed scoping, planning and implementinglocal AHPACC interventions.The partnership governance structure is underpinned by a set of principles thatemphasise recognition and respect for the central role VAHS plays in the Aboriginalcommunity and in the development and provision of culturally appropriate health andwell being care to Aboriginal people. Mutual trust and respect is formalised in aMemorandum of Understanding.In the Eastern Metropolitan Region, Eastern Access Community Health Inc., (EACH)and the Aboriginal communities of the Eastern Region have established a partnershipto achieve health benefits for the Aboriginal community.EACH and community elders met over a long period, developing the ‘EACH Statementof Reconciliation’, which sets out the values and beliefs underpinning a respectful andconstructive relationship for both groups working together. This statement issupplemented by an ‘Enduring Partnership Agreement’, and the Mullum MullumIndigenous Gathering Place (MMIGP) Management Committee and EACH Board havereciprocal membership.(Continued next page)ECONOMICPARTICIPATION ANDDEVELOPMENT11.51
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© Commonwealth of Australia 2007IS
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ForewordIn 2003, when heads of Aust
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ContentsForewordContentsAcronyms an
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7.4 Juvenile diversions as a propor
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Acronyms and abbreviationsABSACDPAC
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LSAYLSICMCATSIAMCEETYAMOUNATSISNATS
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GlossaryAboriginalAge standardisedr
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ICDEquivalisedhousehold incomeIncom
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For example, the gross monthly inco
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StatisticalsignificanceStatistical
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In May 1997, I wrote to your predec
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situations of Aboriginal people and
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Other health outcomes deteriorated.
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• Indigenous owned or controlled
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Governments and Indigenous people h
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• on-going government support (in
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Source: ABS (2004b); table 3A.1.1.D
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Apparent retention rates of full ti
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The labour force participation rate
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Home ownership is an important econ
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Substantiated child abuse and negle
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Box 1.16KEY MESSAGES• Comparable
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Age standardised adult imprisonment
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Strategic areas for actionFunctiona
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Box 1.21Things that work• The Jab
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Box 1.25Things that work• Congres
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Box 1.28KEY MESSAGES• Data on too
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elationship between the number of d
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uilt upon, or interventions can ass
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Box 1.37KEY MESSAGES• In 2006, 8
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Box 1.41Things that work• The Cir
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Alcohol consumption at long term ri
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Box 1.47• In 2004-05:KEY MESSAGES
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Prisoners, by known prior adult imp
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Box 1.54Things that work• The Mar
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ceremonies, rituals and history. So
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Communication with service provider
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Hospitalisation rates for Indigenou
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Indigenous people 15 years and over
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Box 1.67Things that work• The Abo
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mining royalties and tourism), Indi
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Box 1.74KEY MESSAGES• Six determi
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Median (mid point) individual incom
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FUTURE DIRECTIONS IN DATANotwithsta
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1 IntroductionIn April 2002, the Co
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In order to provide a comprehensive
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Identify indicators that are of rel
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—— 2004-2007a, Report on Govern
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2 The frameworkThe first two sectio
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3. Strategic areas for actionGovern
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Headline indicatorsThe headline ind
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Figure 2.2.3 A preventive model —
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• Retention at year 9• Indigeno
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Similarly, the previous indicator
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In 2006, following publication of t
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Suggested cultural indicators were
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The ‘Economic participation and d
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• Survey data: surveys, such as t
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• 2004-05 National Health Survey
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—— 2004b, National Aboriginal a
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3 Headline indicatorsSafe, healthy
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specific death rates 1 ) continued
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while the life expectancy of Indige
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Table 3.1.2Age specific death rates
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• In the period 2001 to 2005, age
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Box 3.2.2‘Things that work’ - d
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In 2002, the proportion of Indigeno
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• Among older people (aged 55 yea
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people with at least one long-term
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Table 3.2.1Age standardised hospita
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wellbeing (and other positive healt
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Health and education are intimately
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Figure 3.3.2 Apparent retention rat
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Figure 3.3.4 Apparent retention rat
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• Nationally, the proportion of I
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• their health outcomes and their
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extent to which people over 18 year
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Post secondary attainmentOne measur
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• In 2005, the national load pass
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3.5 Labour force participation and
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communities where the labour market
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Figure 3.5.2 CDEP participation, In
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Table 3.5.1Labour force participati
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• Nationally, the labour force pa
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Figure 3.5.7 Unemployment rate of p
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Figure 3.5.9 Unemployment rate of p
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Figure 3.5.10 Long term unemploymen
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Chapter 12 of this Report discusses
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Box 3.6.2(continued)Median value is
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Figure 3.6.1 Median gross weekly eq
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the population into five equal grou
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Figure 3.6.5 Distribution of gross
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• Age-related patterns in income
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Box 3.7.2‘Things that work’ —
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easonably simple to derive and prov
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Figure 3.7.2 Proportion of Indigeno
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3.8 Suicide and self-harmBox 3.8.1K
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Box 3.8.2(continued)A study found t
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Figure 3.8.2 Intentional self-harm
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Figure 3.8.3 Average annual suicide
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• Analysis of data from the Top E
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healthy and supported by their fami
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Figure 3.9.1 Rate per 1000 children
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Figure 3.9.3 Children aged 0-16 yea
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Table 3.9.1Number of diagnoses of c
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Indigenous than non-Indigenous peop
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Figure 3.10.1 Homicide death rates,
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Figure 3.10.3 Average annual homici
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Table 3.10.1 Comparative statistics
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Patterns and trendsPatterns and tre
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Hospitalisations for assaultFigure
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The lack of a common definition mea
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Box 3.11.2 (continued)A key compone
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• Indigenous women reported highe
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Figure 3.11.2 SAAP support periods:
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New South WalesFigure 3.11.3 Victim
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VictoriaFigure 3.11.5 Victims recor
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non-Indigenous people (65.3 per cen
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Figure 3.11.7 Victim-offender relat
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Northern TerritoryTable 3.11.2 Vict
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murder the offender was ‘other’
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Box 3.12.2 (continued)Victoria’s
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People under 18 years are treated a
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Figure 3.12.1 Age standardised impr
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past five years, the rates of impri
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Juvenile detentionFigure 3.12.4 Juv
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• Nationally on 30 June 2005, the
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3.11 Family and community violenceT
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Table 3A.3.10Table 3A.3.11Table 3A.
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3.6 Household and individual income
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3.11 Family and community violenceT
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Table 3A.11.46Table 3A.11.47Table 3
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—— and AIHW (Australian Institu
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http://www.who.int/hpr/NPH/docs/ott
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Hunter, B. and Gray, M. 1999, Furth
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Swan, P. and Raphael, B. 1995, Ways
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—— 2005, Through Young Black Ey
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—— 2006, Population by Age and
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3.12 Imprisonment and juvenile dete
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4 Strategic areas for action4.1 The
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5 Early child development and growt
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cited in Couzos, Metcalf and Murray
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some Aboriginal communities are ass
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Box 5.1.2(continued)Growth Assessme
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preventable condition for which Ind
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Figure 5.1.2 Deaths from external c
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Box 5.2.2(continued)Between 1993-95
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Figure 5.2.2 Infant mortality, by I
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irth weight are compounded by high
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Box 5.3.2(continued)Strong Women, S
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Box 5.3.2(continued)The model was d
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abies had non-Indigenous mothers an
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5.4 Hearing impedimentsBox 5.4.1Key
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Box 5.4.2(continued)• Chronic oti
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Figure 5.4.2 Prevalence of otitis m
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• Although the hospitalisation ra
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Table 5.5.1Children’s mean number
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• The percentage of Indigenous ch
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difference in scores between Indige
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• According to the 2002 Child Den
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• A greater proportion of Indigen
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Figure 5.5.5 Hospital dental proced
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The proposed Longitudinal Study of
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5.8 References5 Early child develop
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Central Public Health Unit Network
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Mackerras D 1998, Evaluation of the
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Leach, A.J., Boswell, J.B., Asche,
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Harford, J., Spencer, J., Roberts-T
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6 Early school engagement andperfor
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2002). Gaps that appear in children
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Table 6.1.1Participation rates in p
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this approach was legal (DEWR 2006)
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• School participation rates are
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Box 6.3.2(continued)Scaffolding Lit
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Figure 6.3.2 Proportion of year 3 s
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6.3 Year 3 literacy and numeracyTab
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NTDE (Northern Territory Department
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Young People, Curtin University of
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7 Positive childhood and transition
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In most states and territories, com
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Attachment tablesAttachment tables
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Nationally comparable learning outc
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Year 5 writingFigure 7.1.3 Proporti
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Year 5 numeracyFigure 7.1.5 Proport
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Year 7 readingFigure 7.1.7 Proporti
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Year 7 writingFigure 7.1.9 Proporti
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Year 7 numeracyFigure 7.1.11 Propor
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then year 7 in 2005, and be tested
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Figure 7.1.15 Proportion of year 3
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non-Indigenous children, reducing t
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7.3 Indigenous cultural studies in
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Box 7.3.2Bendigo Senior Secondary C
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Box 7.3.6Western Arrernte Picture D
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Table 7.3.1 Indigenous employment i
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Box 7.3.8RATEP — a community base
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Box 7.4.2(continued)• Police and
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New South WalesTable 7.4.1NSW, numb
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pattern was observed for non-Indige
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Figure 7.4.2 WA, Indigenous and non
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Figure 7.4.3 SA, proportion of Indi
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7.5 Transition from school to workB
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(see section 7.2 Retention at year
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studying, for both Indigenous and n
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• Similar patterns to those in th
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7.6 Future directions in dataYears
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Table 7A.4.12Table 7A.4.13Victoria,
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Paper National Benchmark Results Re
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Randell, N. (ed.) 2002, Including t
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and important correlates of crimina
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8.1 Alcohol consumption and harmBox
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Patterns of alcohol consumptionThe
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Figure 8.1.1 Alcohol consumption at
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• For both Indigenous and non-Ind
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Table 8.1.3Alcohol consumption at s
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Figure 8.1.4 Alcohol involvement in
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disability and behaviour problems (
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• hospitalisation rates for all c
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Data on tobacco use in this section
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current daily smokers than non-Indi
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Figure 8.2.4 Mothers reporting smok
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8.3 Drug and other substance use an
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In 2004-05, among Indigenous adults
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interventions, there had been a red
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Drug related crimeBroadly speaking,
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Figure 8.3.2 Drug influenced Indige
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• develop an appropriate methodol
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Strait Islander Peoples 2005, ABS C
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AIHW (Australian Institute of Healt
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Makkai T. and Payne J. 2003, Drugs
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• income• suicide and self-harm
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Following consultations in 2006, a
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Attachment tablesAttachment tables
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An increased rate may also be due t
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Figure 9.1.1 Placement of Indigenou
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Box 9.2.2(continued)their local com
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Adult repeat offendingFigure 9.2.1
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• Nationally in 2006, 75.3 per ce
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69.0 per cent had been in prison pr
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juvenile justice system and 2 496 a
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juvenile justice system was dismiss
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chronic disease, early child develo
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Table 9.3.1Expenditure on health ca
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Table 9.3.2Age standardised hospita
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presents hospitalisation rates for
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lower than those in 2001-02 for bot
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Figure 9.3.2 compares the length of
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non-remote areas were twice as like
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• A greater proportion of discret
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The following definitions of mental
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Box 9.4.2(continued)Aboriginal Ment
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• In 2004-05, 48.0 per cent of In
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• Life events or ‘stressors’
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• Over the period, the age-standa
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Table 9.4.2Indigenous standardised
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Death rates for mental and behaviou
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A WA study on prisoner health and m
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• The proportion of children at h
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Some Indigenous people living in ci
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Figure 9.5.3 Proportion of Indigeno
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were judged by their teachers to be
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Figure 9.6.2 Participation in exerc
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Box 9.6.3Little Yuin Aboriginal Pre
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Box 9.6.6Athletics Australia ‘Ath
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Box 9.6.8(continued)The Australian
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discrete Aboriginal and Torres Stra
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Figure 9.7.3 How Indigenous people
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Figure 9.7.5 Communication with ser
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Indigenous communities. 2 The 2006
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with the 1993 Western Australian Ch
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Box 9.7.3Health Education Unit —
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Box 9.7.5Interpreter accreditation
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Box 9.7.8Pre-hospital care in remot
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Participation in organised sport, a
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9.3 Access to primary health careTa
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age standardised, by remoteness are
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SHRG (Social Health Reference Group
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9.4 Mental healthABS (Australian Bu
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Procter, N. 2005, ‘Parasuicide, s
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Daly, A.E. 2001, Implications of De
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Menzies School of Health Research 2
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infrastructure as well as functioni
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some duplication, as patients can h
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After adjusting for age differences
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Figure 10.1.2 Age standardised hosp
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Figure 10.1.3 Hospitalisation rates
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Figure 10.1.4 Death rates from dise
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In rural and remote areas, there is
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In June 2006, an estimated 510 000
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Figure 10.2.2 Experienced water int
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Types of sewerage systemsIn the 200
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Access to cooking, washing and toil
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The occupancy standard determines o
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• There were no statistically sig
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Figure 10.3.4 Proportion of Indigen
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10.2 Access to clean water and func
Page 608 and 609: Pholeros P., Rainow S. and Torzillo
Page 610 and 611: Indigenous owned land yields econom
Page 612 and 613: Box 11.1.2 ‘Things that work’
Page 614 and 615: Box 11.1.2 (continued)The success o
Page 616 and 617: Employment by full time/part time s
Page 618 and 619: Figure 11.1.3 Full time and part ti
Page 620 and 621: Figure 11.1.5 Full time and part ti
Page 622 and 623: Data on full time and part time emp
Page 624 and 625: • CDEP participation accounted fo
Page 626 and 627: people’s wellbeing (see section 1
Page 628 and 629: Box 11.2.2 Walking Tourism Business
Page 630 and 631: 11.3 Indigenous owned or controlled
Page 632 and 633: The potential to derive economic be
Page 634 and 635: • land-based investments for capi
Page 636 and 637: Box 11.3.2 (continued)In 2006, fund
Page 638 and 639: Indigenous Land Use AgreementsIndig
Page 640 and 641: • Indigenous owned or controlled
Page 642 and 643: Figure 11.3.4 The growth of Indigen
Page 644 and 645: and corporate behaviour, and descri
Page 646 and 647: Box 11.4.2 ‘Things that work’
Page 648 and 649: Figure 11.4.1 Proportion of univers
Page 650 and 651: while the proportion of non-Indigen
Page 652 and 653: State and Territory data on the num
Page 654 and 655: areas of agreement, ‘governments
Page 656 and 657: Indigenous organisations, by and la
Page 660 and 661: Box 11.5.4 (continued)The Board of
Page 662 and 663: Box 11.5.6 (continued)3. Are effect
Page 664 and 665: Box 11.5.8 (continued)The Pitjantja
Page 666 and 667: Box 11.5.10 Governance trainingWuna
Page 668 and 669: • strategic policy and evaluation
Page 670 and 671: Box 11.5.13 Developing youth leader
Page 672 and 673: third parties enter into an equal a
Page 674 and 675: The OIPC red tape evaluation (OIPC
Page 676 and 677: old. Some will be new’ (Cornell a
Page 678 and 679: circumstances or risk profile of th
Page 680 and 681: 11.6 Future directions in dataEmplo
Page 682 and 683: Table 11A.1.10 Occupation skill lev
Page 684 and 685: 11.3 Indigenous owned or controlled
Page 686 and 687: Gerritson, R. 2001, Community Capac
Page 688 and 689: Reconciliation Australia 2006b, 200
Page 690 and 691: Torres Strait Islander people compr
Page 692 and 693: Labour force participation and unem
Page 694 and 695: section 12.1). The files containing
Page 696 and 697: Attachment tablesAttachment tables
Page 698 and 699: Patterns of relative disadvantage b
Page 700 and 701: 13.1.2 Differences between women an
Page 702 and 703: Figure 13.1.3 Relative disadvantage
Page 704 and 705: 13.2 Associations between headline
Page 706 and 707: Figure 13.2.2 People aged 15 years
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Figure 13.2.4 People aged 15 years
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Box 13.3.1 (continued)For example,
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• more common among unemployed pe
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13.4 Notes on methodologyThe analys
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13.22 OVERCOMINGINDIGENOUSDISADVANT
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• reviewing and re-engineering pr
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The working group will consider how
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Australian Government commentsThe f
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New South Wales Government comments
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Victorian Government commentsIn Oct
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Queensland Government commentsThe Q
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Western Australian Government comme
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South Australian Government comment
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Tasmanian Government commentsThe Ta
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Australian Capital Territory Govern
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Northern Territory Government comme
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IMPLEMENTATION OFTHE FRAMEWORKA2.21
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Figure A3.2 Proportion of the popul
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• The proportion of the Indigenou
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e disaggregated by different factor
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identify when asked by police. Henc
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Indicators Measures Data sources3 H
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Indicator Measure Data source3.5 La
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Indicator Measure Data source3.10 D
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Indicator Measure Data source5.5 Ch
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Indicator Measure Data source7.5 Tr
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Indicator Measure Data source9.2 Re
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Indicator Measure Data source9.5 Pr
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Indicator Measure Data source11 Eco
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Acronyms and abbreviationsABSACERAI
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Australia 1995-2003, Trends and Iss
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