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neglect or sexual abuse, is considered a specific risk factor for delinquency andjuvenile offending (Griffith University 2005).Figure 9.2.4 presents the rates of Indigenous and non-Indigenous juveniles whowere maltreated as children, received a police caution and were/were not repeatoffenders in the 1983 birth cohort (48 juveniles had missing data for Indigenousstatus and were excluded).Figure 9.2.4 Queensland, repeat offending rates for maltreated juvenileswho received a police caution, by sex, 1983 birth cohort a, b10080IndigenousNon-IndigenousPer cent6040200Maltreatedmale whoreoffendedMaltreatedmale who didnot reoffendMaltreatedfemale whoreoffendedMaltreatedfemale whodid notreoffendMaltreatedperson whoreoffendedMaltreatedperson whodid notreoffenda Rates were calculated as part of a project examining the link between child maltreatment, police cautioningand juvenile re-offending by following all children born in a 1983 Queensland birth cohort until the age of 17through any contact they had with the former Department of Families regarding a child protection matterand/or juvenile justice matter that required the child to appear in court or be held in custody. b Forty-eightjuveniles had missing data for Indigenous status and were excluded.Source: Griffith University (2005); table 9A.2.7.• Of the juveniles in the 1983 Queensland birth cohort who had been maltreatedand received a police caution, a greater proportion of Indigenous males andfemales re-offended than non-Indigenous males and females. Eighty-twoper cent and 74.1 per cent of maltreated Indigenous males and femalesre-offended, respectively, compared with 66.0 per cent of maltreatednon-Indigenous males and 46.7 per cent of maltreated non-Indigenous females(figure 9.2.4).Figure 9.2.5 examines whether Indigenous and non-Indigenous juveniles who werecautioned for their first offence were more likely to re-offend than Indigenous andnon-Indigenous juveniles who appeared in court for their first offence. The rateswere calculated based on a population of 4 835 juveniles (1 070 Indigenous and3 765 non-Indigenous) who may or may not have been maltreated as children. Ofthe population analysed, 2 339 were issued a caution on first contact with theFUNCTIONAL ANDRESILIENT FAMILIESAND COMMUNITIES