An Afro-Indigenous History of the United States

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international monopoly finance capital, working through the indigenous bourgeoisie, attempts to secure an even tighter stranglehold over the economic life of the continent than was exercised during the colonial period.” 59 Nkrumah argued that revolution required unity across the African diaspora. For him, African revolution was a part of the global movements for decolonization. Wherever Black people lived, their resistance was a move toward the end of colonialism. 60 Only through revolution and unity across the African continent could true liberation occur. 61 Although he often ignored religious and political differences among ethnic groups and tribes, he deeply influenced the Pan-Africanist thought of Carmichael. Carmichael’s idea of Pan-Africanism was a critique of settler colonialism as well as a reclamation of Black people’s indigenous connection to Africa. He understood that settler colonialism was a global phenomenon, existing in the US, South Africa and Zimbabwe, and Israel. He wrote, “Africans today, irrespective of geographical location, have a common enemy and face common problems. We are the victims of imperialism, racism, and we are a landless people.” 62 In regard to the landless, he described two groups: “One group was taken from the land (slavery), the second group had the land taken from them (colonialism).” He continued, “We are Africans. Africa is our home. Even if a man cannot return home it is his dying wish.” 63 Carmichael’s vision of returning home was not just some blind, idealistic return to ancient Africa, or one that erases the differences between Africans in the United States and those on the continent. It identified a common ground between the two groups in the global sphere of enslavement and dispossession, with the land issue being the central thread. Nkrumah believed that African unity rested on a common language and land base. But those were not the only things that would hold together a sustained revolution. 64 Nkrumah, like Carmichael, understood that the African diaspora required new ideas of how people belonged to Africa, and if Africa were to have total unity, they would have to include those on the continent and those throughout the diaspora. 65 Nkrumah did not delve into the major regional, cultural, and ethnic differences among tribal groups; however, the economic component affected African peoples throughout the diaspora in different ways.
Settler colonialism functions to impact African peoples throughout the diaspora, albeit differently. In light of Carmichael’s ideas for revolution and his articulation of Pan-Africanism, it is not surprising that he and others from the All-African People’s Revolutionary Party would align themselves with Indigenous peoples under US colonial occupation. THE ALL-AFRICAN PEOPLE’S REVOLUTIONARY PARTY In 1972, Carmichael helped form the All-African People’s Revolutionary Party (AAPRP). Basing its vision on Kwame Nkrumah’s ideas of scientific socialism and the larger unity of Africans both on the continent and throughout the diaspora, this group was also dedicated to the end of capitalism, colonialism, and imperialism. 66 It also attempted to connect with other oppressed peoples, including Native Americans. For example, from June 4 to June 11, 1981, the AAPRP was an active participant in the International Indian Treaty Council (ITTC) and held the Seventh International Indian Treaty Council Conference on the White Earth Reservation. In an invitation to potential attendees, Bill Means, then executive director of the ITTC, wrote, “All Indian Organizations, Tribal Governments and concerned people are invited to participate together in a spirit of friendship and cooperation.” The conference would cover a number of themes, including, “Land Rights of Indigenous Peoples, International Treaties and Agreements, Indigenous Philosophy and The Land, Trans- National Corporations and the Land, Land Rights of Indigenous Peoples and Nuclear Disarmament Hunting and Fishing Rights and International Indian Prisoners’ Rights.” Years later, reflecting on the importance of the conference, Bill Means stated: It brought a lot of people from Latin America so that they could see how Indian people lived other than South Dakota. . . . It was a very important conference in terms of non-Indian support. We had a concert there at which Bonnie Raitt and Jackson Browne played. This added great visibility for the Treaty Council in terms of non-Indian anti-nuclear and peace movements. 67 The attendees were asked to bring proposals for actions to the rest of the group, and those chosen would then be presented at the International NGO
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PRAISE FOR AN AFRO-INDIGENOUS HISTO
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REVISIONING HISTORY SERIES A Queer
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To Liseth, El Don, ChiChi
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CHAPTER SEVEN Black and Indigenous
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Indigenous people in our collective
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and places. In fact, the whole book
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INTRODUCTION Thousands of volumes h
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RECONNECTING DISCONNECTED HISTORIES
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solidarity between Black and white
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important to understand how the whi
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Indigenous peoples have sought ways
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need both movements, as both are he
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Some established (mostly white male
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meeting between a variety of Indige
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Atlantic Diaspora Connections (2009
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During every Black History Month in
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consciousness, and to a considerabl
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PAUL CUFFE Perhaps one of the earli
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Afro-Indigenous peoples in the Unit
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antiblackness. Finally, these exper
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America. There was so much we cover
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president-general and another counc
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the dehumanization of Native people
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On March 4, 1801, Jefferson, during
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lasting in its impact than that wit
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The Native person could not truly e
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CHAPTER THREE ENSLAVEMENT, DISPOSSE
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local autonomy—Reconstruction cha
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unpleasant, but we must try and com
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Choctaw owned 14 percent and the Cr
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surpassed those predecessors by per
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eaders to reconsider the role of In
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a time they moved back to Wisconsin
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white people were interested in rem
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of their resistance to white encroa
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liberation and women’s rights. Ty
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covered numerous topics in the spee
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commit the same sin that the nation
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had to change. They could no longer
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Still, Native people continued to s
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government’s boarding schools and
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civilization and its so-called virt
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function of the National Associatio
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treatment with white men, . . . [th
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In the post-Garvey era, after the U
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learned about the prolific and viol
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Eastman likely participated in the
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Du Bois’s paper offered a broad s
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and men to assert their right to ci
Page 104 and 105: CHAPTER FIVE BLACK AMERICANS AND NA
Page 106 and 107: gap we have today, are rooted in ea
Page 108 and 109: Black Americans remembered this Ind
Page 110 and 111: legacies have been tainted. People
Page 112 and 113: Here, King describes the root of ra
Page 114 and 115: working as a collective to achieve
Page 116 and 117: egistered in Mississippi. She helpe
Page 118 and 119: surprising if she did. The Choctaw
Page 120 and 121: understand history, how they practi
Page 122 and 123: indeed fought in every war since th
Page 124 and 125: US, given that the US was not Black
Page 126 and 127: Malcolm understood well the connect
Page 128 and 129: me think in terms of American’s i
Page 130 and 131: In the following scene in the docum
Page 132 and 133: the land, isn’t four hundred year
Page 134 and 135: For the majority of white Americans
Page 136 and 137: this growing unity is the best assu
Page 138 and 139: with hardly any people of color wil
Page 140 and 141: did their best to understand how th
Page 142 and 143: “It was not until Malcolm X came
Page 144 and 145: lived there. What about their claim
Page 146 and 147: and operates under a racist and imm
Page 148 and 149: oth deeply invested in Black civil
Page 150 and 151: challenge the assumed authority of
Page 152 and 153: Committee. BWLC, with Frances Beal
Page 156 and 157: Conference on Indigenous Peoples an
Page 158 and 159: awarded until 2011, and discontinue
Page 160 and 161: CHAPTER SEVEN BLACK AND INDIGENOUS
Page 162 and 163: practices and incorporate them into
Page 164 and 165: e performing minstrelsy without eve
Page 166 and 167: influenced by racist oppression, th
Page 168 and 169: Beyond the specifics of this incide
Page 170 and 171: acism and sexism, as well as across
Page 172 and 173: there is hardly any chance in hell
Page 174 and 175: For example, in July 2007, in Detro
Page 176 and 177: No one wants to be a r*dsk*n. It is
Page 178 and 179: even absurdly funny. The use of the
Page 180 and 181: was trying to make. Jones responded
Page 182 and 183: Desus sarcastically adds, “How ca
Page 184 and 185: CHAPTER EIGHT THE MATTER OF BLACK A
Page 186 and 187: Indigenous and Latinx police, “sh
Page 188 and 189: protester and getting hit with them
Page 190 and 191: Native people’s use of tropes, sl
Page 192 and 193: CONCLUSION THE POSSIBILITIES FOR AF
Page 194 and 195: “they are the problem” and tell
Page 196 and 197: oppression and white supremacy. . .
Page 198 and 199: movements.” 14 We can learn from
Page 200 and 201: est to acknowledge the importance o
Page 202 and 203: Ta-Nehisi Coates’s fantastic arti
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possible. Our imaginations, coupled
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to people of African descent. I don
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2. You know how Indigenous Nations
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they treated? We should instead cen
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Indigenousness are not so different
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maintain African enslavement. For n
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opposed to her likely believe that
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS YOU DON‘T WRITE a
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Emory University. Thank you to the
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5. Patrick Wolfe, Traces of History
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the initiative strikes which open t
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13. Thomas Jefferson, Notes on the
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28. Robert Dale Parker, ed., The So
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8. Andrew Woolford, This Benevolent
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6. Malinda Maynor Lowery, The Lumbe
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CHAPTER 6. BLACK POWER AND RED POWE
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47. William H. McClendon, “The Bl
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15. Abaki Beck, “Rendered Invisib
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1. Billy-Ray Belcourt and Lindsay N
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Name: The Harmful Consequences of P
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INDEX Please note that page numbers
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Beck, Abaki, 143, 144 The Beginning
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Chicago Defender (publication), 76,
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Dyson, Michael Eric, 140, 149 Eagle
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Hamilton, Charles, 110 Hampton, Fre
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Kaplan, Amy, 205n54 Katznelson, Ira
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Metacomet (chief), 60 Metropolitan
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N.W.A. (band), 161 N-word, as term,
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Red Cloud (Oglala Lakota leader), 6
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“The Souls of White Folk” (Du B
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Wheatley, Phillis, xxii, 8-10, 14,
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North and South American activists
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Dennis Banks and unknown woman at a
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Audience at a rally in support of D
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American Indian Movement member and
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