An Afro-Indigenous History of the United States

28. Robert Dale Parker, ed., The Sound the Stars Make Rushing Through the Sky: The Writings of
Jane Johnston Schoolcraft (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2007), 6. For other
histories of Johnston’s work, see Tammrah Stone-Gordon, “Woman of the Sound the Stars Make
Rushing Through the Sky: A Literary Biography of Jane Johnston Schoolcraft” (master’s thesis,
Michigan State University, 1993).
29. Parker, The Sounds the Stars Make, 2.
30. Parker, The Sounds the Stars Make.
31. Scott Richard Lyons, X-Marks: Native Signatures of Assent (Minneapolis: University of
Minnesota Press, 2010), 3.
32. Julius H. Rubin, Perishing Heathens: Stories of Protestant Missionaries and Christian Indians
in Antebellum America (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2017), 174.
33. Robert Warrior, Tribal Secrets: Recovering American Indian Intellectual Traditions
(Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1995), 124. Warrior calls this intellectual sovereignty.
34. Jane Johnston Schoolcraft, “Invocation, to My Maternal Grand-Father on Hearing His Descent
from Chippewa Ancestors Misrepresented,” in Parker, The Sound the Stars Make, 99–103.
35. Parker, The Sound of the Stars Make, 100.
36. “Missouri’s Dred Scott Case, 1846–1857,” State Archives, Missouri,
https://www.sos.mo.gov/archives/resources/africanamerican/scott/scott.asp, accessed March 23,
2021.
37. Dred Scott v. Sandford, 60 U.S. 393 (1856), accessed March 23, 2021.
38. Dred Scott v. Sandford.
39. Dred Scott v. Sandford.
40. Brandon R. Byrd, The Black Republic: African Americans and the Fate of Haiti (Philadelphia:
University of Pennsylvania Press, 2020), 2. To be clear, the argument of the book is not about white
people’s views of Haiti but those of African Americans.
41. Byrd, The Black Republic.
42. Byrd, The Black Republic, 163.
43. Claude Clegg, The Price of Liberty: African Americans and the Making of Liberia (Chapel
Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2004), 5, 6. See also Howard Temperley, “African-
American Aspirations and the Settlement of Liberia,” Slavery & Abolition 21, no. 2 (August 2000):
67–92. Temperley suggests that there were twelve thousand who settled in Liberia.
44. Sinha, The Slave’s Cause, 160.
45. Sean Wilentz and David Walker, “Introduction: The Mysteries of David Walker,” in David
Walker’s Appeal: To the Coloured Citizens of the World, but in Particular, and Very Expressly, to
Those of The United States of America (New York: Hill and Wang, 1995), vii–xxiii.
46. Walker, David Walker’s Appeal, 62–63.
47. Jean M. O’Brien, Firsting and Lasting: Writing Indians Out of Existence in New England
(Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2010). As O’Brien notes in this book, Native people
were written out of the history of New England.
48. Michelle Obama, “Remarks by the First Lady at the Sojourner Truth Bust Unveiling,” April
28, 2009, Office of the First Lady, Washington, DC.
49. Nell Irvin Painter, Sojourner Truth: A Life, a Symbol (New York: W. W. Norton, 1996), 4.
50. Painter, Sojourner Truth.
51. bell hooks, Ain’t I A Woman: Black Women and Feminism (London: Pluto Press, 1982), 2.
52. Reverend Marius Robinson, “Women’s Rights Convention,” Anti-Slavery Bugle (New-Lisbon,
OH), June 21, 1851.
53. Cheryl Harris, “Finding Sojourner’s Truth: Race, Gender, and the Institution of Property,”
Cardozo Law Review 18, no. 309 (November 1996): 2–88, 2.
54. Amy Kaplan, “Manifest Domesticity,” American Literature 70, no. 3 (September 1998): 581–
606. Kaplan argues that “if domesticity plays a key role in imagining the nation as home, then