An Afro-Indigenous History of the United States

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Name: The Harmful Consequences of Popular Reforms (New York: New Press, 2020). Schenwar and Law argue, “The entire system must be ended and replaced with resources and supports that genuinely meet people’s needs, as well as strategies that effectively address and reduce harm and violence.” POSTSCRIPT 1. “Treaty with the Cherokee: 1791,” https://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/chr1791.asp, accessed December 10, 2020. 2. “Treaty with the Florida Tribes of Indians, 1823,” in Indian Affairs: Laws and Treaties, vol. 2, ed. Charles J. Kappler (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1904), 204. 3. Circe Sturm, “View of Race, Sovereignty, and Civil Rights: Understanding the Cherokee Freedmen Controversy,” Cultural Anthropology 29, no. 3 (2014): 576–77. 4. There is a host of scholarship on the Five Tribes and their slaveholding. Daniel F. Littlefield wrote a series of books on the different tribes and their relationship to the Freedmen, including specific volumes on the Chickasaw Freedman and the Cherokee Freedmen. Jodi A. Byrd, “‘Been to the Nation, Lord, but I Couldn’t Stay There,’” Interventions 13, no. 1 (2011): 31–52, https://doi.org/10.1080/1369801X.2011.545576. 5. Cherokee Nation, “Cherokee Nation Supreme Court Issues Decision That ‘by Blood’ Reference Be Stricken from Cherokee Nation Constitution,” Cherokee Nation One Feather, February 22, 2021.
PHOTO CREDITS Pages 1–4: Photos by Dick Bancroft Page 5: Photo/Fred Jewell Pages 6–7: Craig Lassig, courtesy of Getty Images Page 8: Detroit News Collection, Walter P. Reuther Library, Archives of Labor and Urban Affairs, Wayne State University
Page 4 and 5:
PRAISE FOR AN AFRO-INDIGENOUS HISTO
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REVISIONING HISTORY SERIES A Queer
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To Liseth, El Don, ChiChi
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CHAPTER SEVEN Black and Indigenous
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Indigenous people in our collective
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and places. In fact, the whole book
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INTRODUCTION Thousands of volumes h
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RECONNECTING DISCONNECTED HISTORIES
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solidarity between Black and white
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important to understand how the whi
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Indigenous peoples have sought ways
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need both movements, as both are he
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Some established (mostly white male
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meeting between a variety of Indige
Page 34 and 35:
Atlantic Diaspora Connections (2009
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During every Black History Month in
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consciousness, and to a considerabl
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PAUL CUFFE Perhaps one of the earli
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Afro-Indigenous peoples in the Unit
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antiblackness. Finally, these exper
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America. There was so much we cover
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president-general and another counc
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the dehumanization of Native people
Page 52 and 53:
On March 4, 1801, Jefferson, during
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lasting in its impact than that wit
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The Native person could not truly e
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CHAPTER THREE ENSLAVEMENT, DISPOSSE
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local autonomy—Reconstruction cha
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unpleasant, but we must try and com
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Choctaw owned 14 percent and the Cr
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surpassed those predecessors by per
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eaders to reconsider the role of In
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a time they moved back to Wisconsin
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white people were interested in rem
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of their resistance to white encroa
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liberation and women’s rights. Ty
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covered numerous topics in the spee
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commit the same sin that the nation
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had to change. They could no longer
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Still, Native people continued to s
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government’s boarding schools and
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civilization and its so-called virt
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function of the National Associatio
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treatment with white men, . . . [th
Page 94 and 95:
In the post-Garvey era, after the U
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learned about the prolific and viol
Page 98 and 99:
Eastman likely participated in the
Page 100 and 101:
Du Bois’s paper offered a broad s
Page 102 and 103:
and men to assert their right to ci
Page 104 and 105:
CHAPTER FIVE BLACK AMERICANS AND NA
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gap we have today, are rooted in ea
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Black Americans remembered this Ind
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legacies have been tainted. People
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Here, King describes the root of ra
Page 114 and 115:
working as a collective to achieve
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egistered in Mississippi. She helpe
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surprising if she did. The Choctaw
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understand history, how they practi
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indeed fought in every war since th
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US, given that the US was not Black
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Malcolm understood well the connect
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me think in terms of American’s i
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In the following scene in the docum
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the land, isn’t four hundred year
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For the majority of white Americans
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this growing unity is the best assu
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with hardly any people of color wil
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did their best to understand how th
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“It was not until Malcolm X came
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lived there. What about their claim
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and operates under a racist and imm
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oth deeply invested in Black civil
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challenge the assumed authority of
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Committee. BWLC, with Frances Beal
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international monopoly finance capi
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Conference on Indigenous Peoples an
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awarded until 2011, and discontinue
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CHAPTER SEVEN BLACK AND INDIGENOUS
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practices and incorporate them into
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e performing minstrelsy without eve
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influenced by racist oppression, th
Page 168 and 169:
Beyond the specifics of this incide
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acism and sexism, as well as across
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there is hardly any chance in hell
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For example, in July 2007, in Detro
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No one wants to be a r*dsk*n. It is
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even absurdly funny. The use of the
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was trying to make. Jones responded
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Desus sarcastically adds, “How ca
Page 184 and 185:
CHAPTER EIGHT THE MATTER OF BLACK A
Page 186 and 187:
Indigenous and Latinx police, “sh
Page 188 and 189:
protester and getting hit with them
Page 190 and 191:
Native people’s use of tropes, sl
Page 192 and 193: CONCLUSION THE POSSIBILITIES FOR AF
Page 194 and 195: “they are the problem” and tell
Page 196 and 197: oppression and white supremacy. . .
Page 198 and 199: movements.” 14 We can learn from
Page 200 and 201: est to acknowledge the importance o
Page 202 and 203: Ta-Nehisi Coates’s fantastic arti
Page 204 and 205: possible. Our imaginations, coupled
Page 206 and 207: to people of African descent. I don
Page 208 and 209: 2. You know how Indigenous Nations
Page 210 and 211: they treated? We should instead cen
Page 212 and 213: Indigenousness are not so different
Page 214 and 215: maintain African enslavement. For n
Page 216 and 217: opposed to her likely believe that
Page 218 and 219: ACKNOWLEDGMENTS YOU DON‘T WRITE a
Page 220 and 221: Emory University. Thank you to the
Page 222 and 223: 5. Patrick Wolfe, Traces of History
Page 224 and 225: the initiative strikes which open t
Page 226 and 227: 13. Thomas Jefferson, Notes on the
Page 228 and 229: 28. Robert Dale Parker, ed., The So
Page 230 and 231: 8. Andrew Woolford, This Benevolent
Page 232 and 233: 6. Malinda Maynor Lowery, The Lumbe
Page 234 and 235: CHAPTER 6. BLACK POWER AND RED POWE
Page 236 and 237: 47. William H. McClendon, “The Bl
Page 238 and 239: 15. Abaki Beck, “Rendered Invisib
Page 240 and 241: 1. Billy-Ray Belcourt and Lindsay N
Page 244 and 245: INDEX Please note that page numbers
Page 246 and 247: Beck, Abaki, 143, 144 The Beginning
Page 248 and 249: Chicago Defender (publication), 76,
Page 250 and 251: Dyson, Michael Eric, 140, 149 Eagle
Page 252 and 253: Hamilton, Charles, 110 Hampton, Fre
Page 254 and 255: Kaplan, Amy, 205n54 Katznelson, Ira
Page 256 and 257: Metacomet (chief), 60 Metropolitan
Page 258 and 259: N.W.A. (band), 161 N-word, as term,
Page 260 and 261: Red Cloud (Oglala Lakota leader), 6
Page 262 and 263: “The Souls of White Folk” (Du B
Page 264 and 265: Wheatley, Phillis, xxii, 8-10, 14,
Page 266 and 267: North and South American activists
Page 268 and 269: Dennis Banks and unknown woman at a
Page 270: Audience at a rally in support of D
Page 273: American Indian Movement member and
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