An Afro-Indigenous History of the United States

Red Cloud (Oglala Lakota leader), 60
redface. See cultural appropriation; “playing Indian” Red Jacket (chief), 60
Red Power movement, 110–14, 132–33, 165. See also Native Americans; resistance
Reed, Ishmael, 21
Reflecting Black (Dyson), 140
religion: of enslaved Africans, 4, 27, 182; Malcolm X on, 91; of Native Americans, 38; of Wheatley,
9–10, 26
removal. See Indigenous dispossession
Repairers of the Breach (organization), 181–82
reparations, 114–15, 117, 175–85, 220n17. See also accountability; Black nationalism; economic
justice campaigns
Reparations (Brophy), 175
Republic of New Afrika (RNA), 114–17
Reséndez, Andrés, 184
resistance, xix–xx; by AAPRP, 112, 128–31, 215n66; by BLA, 125; by Black Panther Party, 122,
123–26; by Black Power movement, 110–14, 131–33, 165–66, 214n53; for collective liberation,
107–10, 117–27; everyday acts of, 32–33; in Haiti, 43, 44; by Idle No More movement, 142;
literary production as, 5–10, 11, 13, 40–41, 101; by Lumbee, 78–79; by Maroon communities,
xvi, 44, 72, 203n12; by Movement for Black Lives, 142; nonviolent strategies of, 39, 78–79; by
Red Power movement, 110–14, 132–33, 165; by RNA, 114–17; self-defense strategies of, 125,
162, 163; through language, 27–28; through Pan-Indian alliance, 37–39; through participatory
democracy, 88–90; through survivance, xxi; by TWWA, 125; in Virginia Colony, xvi–xvii; white
fear of, 43–46. See also Black nationalism; protests; settler colonialism; white supremacy
Revere, Paul, 15
Revolutionary War. See American Revolution
Robinson, Cedric, xviii, 7, 170
Robinson, Marius, 47
Robnett, Belinda, 210n31
Rodney, Walter, 221n32
Roediger, Dave, 137
Roosevelt, Franklin, 77
Rose, Molly Qerim, 154
Rosier, Paul C., 206n6
R-word, as term, 84, 150–52. See also language (concept)
Sacs, 37
SAI. See Society of American Indians (SAI)
Salamanca, David, 144
Samudzi, Zoé, 170
Sand Creek Massacre (1864), 102
Sandford Emerson, Irene, 42
Saunt, Claudio, xv–xvi
savage, as term, 21–22. See also anti-Indigenous; language (concept)
“savage,” as term, 152–53
#SayHerName, 164–65
Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture, 98
Schoolcraft, Henry Rowe, 39
schools: boarding schools, 58, 61, 70, 173, 207n8; with Native American curriculum, x
scientific socialism, 127, 129, 215n66
Scott, Dred, 42–43