An Afro-Indigenous History of the United States

36. Leanne Betasamosake Simpson, “The Place Where We All Live and Work Together: A
Gendered Analysis of ‘Sovereignty,’” in Native Studies Keywords, ed. Stephanie Nohelani Teves,
Andrea Smith, and Michelle Raheja (Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 2015), 19.
37. Mishuana Goeman, “Land as Life: Unsettling the Logics of Containment,” in Teves, Smith,
and Raheja, Native Studies Keywords, 72–73.
38. The Autobiography of Malcolm X, 363.
39. The Autobiography of Malcolm X.
40. The Autobiography of Malcolm X, 362.
41. The Autobiography of Malcolm X.
42. Hazel Hertzberg, The Search for an American Indian Identity: Modern Pan-Indian Movements
(Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 1971), l; Kyle T. Mays, “Transnational Progressivism:
African Americans, Native Americans, and the Universal Races Congress of 1911,” American Indian
Quarterly 37, no. 3 (Summer 2013): 243–61.
43. Abdul Alkalimat, “The Paradigmatic Agency of Malcolm X: Family, Experience, and
Thought,” in Malcolm X’s Worldview: An Exemplar for Contemporary Black Studies, ed. Rita Kiki
Edozie and Curtis Stokes (East Lansing: Michigan State University Press, 2015), 44.
44. Alkalimat, “The Paradigmatic Agency of Malcolm X.”
45. Malcolm X, Malcolm X on Afro-American History (New York: Pathfinder Press, 1990), 87.
46. Malcolm X, “Message to the Grassroots,” in Malcolm X Speaks: Selected Speeches and
Statements, ed. George Breitman (1965; repr., New York: Grove Press, 1994), 7.
47. Carl Husemoller Nightingale, “The Global Inner City: Toward a Historical Analysis,” in W. E.
B. Du Bois, Race, and the City: The Philadelphia Negro and Its Legacy, ed. Michael Katz and
Thomas Sugrue (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1998), 217–58.
48. Steve Clark, ed., February 1965: The Final Speeches (New York: Pathfinder Press, 1992), 86.
49. Clark, February 1965.
50. Clark, February 1965.
51. Malcolm X, The Autobiography of Malcolm X, “The Negro,” Folder 1/2, box 5, p. 4,
Schomburg Center for Black Culture and Research.
52. Malcolm X, “The Ballot or the Bullet,” April 3, 1964,
https://sites.psu.edu/jld5710/2012/10/02/1964-the-american-nightmare, accessed August 29, 2019.
The speech was delivered at Cory Methodist Church, Cleveland, Ohio, on April 3, 1964.
53. Malcolm X, The Autobiography of Malcolm X, “The Negro,” Folder 2/2.
54. Malcolm X, The Autobiography of Malcolm X, “The Negro,” Folder 2/2, p. 4.
55. Malcolm X, “The Negro,” Folder 2/2, p. 6.
56. Malcolm X, “The Negro,” Folder 2/2, p. 21.
57. “Back to the Farm Project for Negroes Is Mapped,” Chicago Defender, April 1, 1967.
58. Baldwin, The Fire Next Time, 8.
59. Christina Sharpe, In the Wake: On Blackness and Being (Durham, NC: Duke University Press,
2016), 21.
60. “Has the American Dream Been Achieved at the Expense of the American Negro?,” James
Baldwin and William Buckley debate at the Cambridge Union, February 18, 1965,
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VOCZOHQ7fCE.
61. Roxanne Dunbar-Ortiz and Dina Gilio-Whitaker, “All the Real Indians Died Off”: And 20
Other Myths About Native Americans (Boston: Beacon Press, 2016), 8.
62. To read more about this particular debate, see Nicholas Buccola, The Fire Is Upon Us: James
Baldwin, William F. Buckley Jr., and the Debate over Race in America (Princeton, NJ: Princeton
University Press, 2019). See especially chapters 6 and 7.
63. James Baldwin, Notes of a Native Son (Boston: Beacon Press, 1955), 25.
64. Baldwin, Notes of a Native Son, 28.
65. Baldwin, Notes of a Native Son, 43.