An Afro-Indigenous History of the United States

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Dyson, Michael Eric, 140, 149 Eagle Plume, Charles, 76 Eastman, Charles, 57, 58, 66–75 Ebonics, 35. See also language economic justice campaigns, 117–22, 181–82. See also reparations education: boarding schools, 58, 61, 70, 173, 207n8; Ebonics and, 35; Kellogg on, 60–61; Native American curriculum, x Eke, Maureen N., 6 Ellison, Ralph, 30–31, 138–39 El Shabazz, El Hajj Malik. See Malcolm X Emerson, John, 42 emotional states. See anger; fear enslaved Africans: Paul Cuffe, xxii, 12–14, 201n36; Dred Scott v. Sandford and, 42–43; Olaudah Equiano, xviii, 5–8, 14; by Five Tribes, xiii, 33–34, 36, 184, 187–92; heritage and indigeneity of, xvii–xviii, 1, 3–5; Maroon communities of, xvi, 44, 72, 203n12; Lucy Terry Prince, 10–12; religious beliefs of, 4, 27, 182; US wealth and, xv–xvi, 220n30, 221n32; Phillis Wheatley, xxii, 8–10, 14, 26, 40, 41, xviii. See also Afro-Indigenous Americans; Black Americans; Indigenous Africans; racial capitalism; slavery enslaved Native Americans, 36 Equal Justice Initiative (EJI), 68 Equiano, Olaudah, xviii, 5–8, 14 Equiano, the African (Carretta), 5 erasure: of African identities, 27; of Native Americans, 3, 31, 137, 150, 205n47 Ervio, Cynthia, 34–35 Ethical Culture Society of New York, 68 European art and culture, 136 Evers, Medgar, 101 exodus, as term, xx, 198n26 Fanon, Frantz, 159 Fanti, 12 farming, 86–87, 104 fear, xxiii, 21, 22, 25, 44–45, 103, 185. See also anger Federalist Papers, xxii, 17–18, 21–22 FedEx, 152 female hypersexualization, 141–45. See also violence against women feminisms: in Black Power movement, 214n53; of BLM, 163, 218n10; of Sojourner Truth, 46–49. See also sexism Filipino martial arts, 162–63 financial institutions, 180, 181, 220n30. See also capitalism Finley, Robert, 44 The Fire Next Time (Baldwin), 81, 101 First Take (TV show), 160 fishing rights, 120–21 fish-in protests, 109, 118, 121. See also protests; resistance Fisk University, 58 Five Tribes, xiii, 33–34, 36, 184, 186–92. See also names of specific tribes Flint, Michigan, water crisis, xiv Florida, 35–36 Floyd, George, xiv, xxiii, 89, 142, 159, 163. See also police violence
Foerster, Werner, 125 Foner, Eric, 31–32 football team mascots, 84. See also sports team mascots Forbes, Jack D., xiii forced removal. See Indigenous dispossession Ford, Lisa, 203n11 Fourteen Point Plan (Wilson), 63 Franklin, Aretha, 87 Franklin, Benjamin, 19–20, 60 Freedmen of the Five Tribes, 186–92 French and Indian War. See Seven Years’ War From Here to Equality (Darity and Mullen), 176 futurism, 167–85 Gaddafi, Muammar, 132 Gaddafi Prize for Human Rights, 131–32 Gage, Frances Dana Barker, 47 Galston, William, xv Garrison, William Lloyd, 45 Garvey, Amy, 61 Garvey, Marcus, 61–66, 126, 207n29 Garza, Alicia, 163 Gates, Henry Louis, Jr., 8, 12, 26 gay and lesbian movement, 124. See also queer positionality Gazette Times (publication), 69 General Allotment Act (or Dawes Act; 1887), 54, 56 Genetin-Pilawa, C. Joseph, 206n67 geniusness, 8, 10 genocide: Abernathy on, 121; boarding schools and, 58, 207n8; of Native people, xxi, 85. See also Indigenous dispossession Ghana, 12, 69, 127, 181 Gibson, Emily, 113 Gilmore, Glenda, 55 Gilmore, Ruth Wilson, 221n39 “Going Down Slow” (song by Franklin), 87 Granholm, Jennifer, 148 Grant, Ulysses S., 54 Greater Liberia Bill, 57 Great Migration, 77 Gregory, Dick, 121 Guinea, 127 guns, 162. See also police violence Haaland, Deb, 191 Haiti, 43, 44, 50, 205n40 Haley, Alex, 91 Haley, Sarah, 56 Hall, Stuart, 136 Hamer, Fannie Lou, 81, 83, 86–90 Hamilton (play), 21 Hamilton, Alexander, 21, 22
Page 4 and 5:
PRAISE FOR AN AFRO-INDIGENOUS HISTO
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REVISIONING HISTORY SERIES A Queer
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To Liseth, El Don, ChiChi
Page 12 and 13:
CHAPTER SEVEN Black and Indigenous
Page 14 and 15:
Indigenous people in our collective
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and places. In fact, the whole book
Page 18 and 19:
INTRODUCTION Thousands of volumes h
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RECONNECTING DISCONNECTED HISTORIES
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solidarity between Black and white
Page 24 and 25:
important to understand how the whi
Page 26 and 27:
Indigenous peoples have sought ways
Page 28 and 29:
need both movements, as both are he
Page 30 and 31:
Some established (mostly white male
Page 32 and 33:
meeting between a variety of Indige
Page 34 and 35:
Atlantic Diaspora Connections (2009
Page 36 and 37:
During every Black History Month in
Page 38 and 39:
consciousness, and to a considerabl
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PAUL CUFFE Perhaps one of the earli
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Afro-Indigenous peoples in the Unit
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antiblackness. Finally, these exper
Page 46 and 47:
America. There was so much we cover
Page 48 and 49:
president-general and another counc
Page 50 and 51:
the dehumanization of Native people
Page 52 and 53:
On March 4, 1801, Jefferson, during
Page 54 and 55:
lasting in its impact than that wit
Page 56 and 57:
The Native person could not truly e
Page 58 and 59:
CHAPTER THREE ENSLAVEMENT, DISPOSSE
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local autonomy—Reconstruction cha
Page 62 and 63:
unpleasant, but we must try and com
Page 64 and 65:
Choctaw owned 14 percent and the Cr
Page 66 and 67:
surpassed those predecessors by per
Page 68 and 69:
eaders to reconsider the role of In
Page 70 and 71:
a time they moved back to Wisconsin
Page 72 and 73:
white people were interested in rem
Page 74 and 75:
of their resistance to white encroa
Page 76 and 77:
liberation and women’s rights. Ty
Page 78 and 79:
covered numerous topics in the spee
Page 80 and 81:
commit the same sin that the nation
Page 82 and 83:
had to change. They could no longer
Page 84 and 85:
Still, Native people continued to s
Page 86 and 87:
government’s boarding schools and
Page 88 and 89:
civilization and its so-called virt
Page 90 and 91:
function of the National Associatio
Page 92 and 93:
treatment with white men, . . . [th
Page 94 and 95:
In the post-Garvey era, after the U
Page 96 and 97:
learned about the prolific and viol
Page 98 and 99:
Eastman likely participated in the
Page 100 and 101:
Du Bois’s paper offered a broad s
Page 102 and 103:
and men to assert their right to ci
Page 104 and 105:
CHAPTER FIVE BLACK AMERICANS AND NA
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gap we have today, are rooted in ea
Page 108 and 109:
Black Americans remembered this Ind
Page 110 and 111:
legacies have been tainted. People
Page 112 and 113:
Here, King describes the root of ra
Page 114 and 115:
working as a collective to achieve
Page 116 and 117:
egistered in Mississippi. She helpe
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surprising if she did. The Choctaw
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understand history, how they practi
Page 122 and 123:
indeed fought in every war since th
Page 124 and 125:
US, given that the US was not Black
Page 126 and 127:
Malcolm understood well the connect
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me think in terms of American’s i
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In the following scene in the docum
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the land, isn’t four hundred year
Page 134 and 135:
For the majority of white Americans
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this growing unity is the best assu
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with hardly any people of color wil
Page 140 and 141:
did their best to understand how th
Page 142 and 143:
“It was not until Malcolm X came
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lived there. What about their claim
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and operates under a racist and imm
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oth deeply invested in Black civil
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challenge the assumed authority of
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Committee. BWLC, with Frances Beal
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international monopoly finance capi
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Conference on Indigenous Peoples an
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awarded until 2011, and discontinue
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CHAPTER SEVEN BLACK AND INDIGENOUS
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practices and incorporate them into
Page 164 and 165:
e performing minstrelsy without eve
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influenced by racist oppression, th
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Beyond the specifics of this incide
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acism and sexism, as well as across
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there is hardly any chance in hell
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For example, in July 2007, in Detro
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No one wants to be a r*dsk*n. It is
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even absurdly funny. The use of the
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was trying to make. Jones responded
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Desus sarcastically adds, “How ca
Page 184 and 185:
CHAPTER EIGHT THE MATTER OF BLACK A
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Indigenous and Latinx police, “sh
Page 188 and 189:
protester and getting hit with them
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Native people’s use of tropes, sl
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CONCLUSION THE POSSIBILITIES FOR AF
Page 194 and 195:
“they are the problem” and tell
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oppression and white supremacy. . .
Page 198 and 199:
movements.” 14 We can learn from
Page 200 and 201: est to acknowledge the importance o
Page 202 and 203: Ta-Nehisi Coates’s fantastic arti
Page 204 and 205: possible. Our imaginations, coupled
Page 206 and 207: to people of African descent. I don
Page 208 and 209: 2. You know how Indigenous Nations
Page 210 and 211: they treated? We should instead cen
Page 212 and 213: Indigenousness are not so different
Page 214 and 215: maintain African enslavement. For n
Page 216 and 217: opposed to her likely believe that
Page 218 and 219: ACKNOWLEDGMENTS YOU DON‘T WRITE a
Page 220 and 221: Emory University. Thank you to the
Page 222 and 223: 5. Patrick Wolfe, Traces of History
Page 224 and 225: the initiative strikes which open t
Page 226 and 227: 13. Thomas Jefferson, Notes on the
Page 228 and 229: 28. Robert Dale Parker, ed., The So
Page 230 and 231: 8. Andrew Woolford, This Benevolent
Page 232 and 233: 6. Malinda Maynor Lowery, The Lumbe
Page 234 and 235: CHAPTER 6. BLACK POWER AND RED POWE
Page 236 and 237: 47. William H. McClendon, “The Bl
Page 238 and 239: 15. Abaki Beck, “Rendered Invisib
Page 240 and 241: 1. Billy-Ray Belcourt and Lindsay N
Page 242 and 243: Name: The Harmful Consequences of P
Page 244 and 245: INDEX Please note that page numbers
Page 246 and 247: Beck, Abaki, 143, 144 The Beginning
Page 248 and 249: Chicago Defender (publication), 76,
Page 252 and 253: Hamilton, Charles, 110 Hampton, Fre
Page 254 and 255: Kaplan, Amy, 205n54 Katznelson, Ira
Page 256 and 257: Metacomet (chief), 60 Metropolitan
Page 258 and 259: N.W.A. (band), 161 N-word, as term,
Page 260 and 261: Red Cloud (Oglala Lakota leader), 6
Page 262 and 263: “The Souls of White Folk” (Du B
Page 264 and 265: Wheatley, Phillis, xxii, 8-10, 14,
Page 266 and 267: North and South American activists
Page 268 and 269: Dennis Banks and unknown woman at a
Page 270: Audience at a rally in support of D
Page 273: American Indian Movement member and
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