An Afro-Indigenous History of the United States

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Chicago Defender (publication), 76, 78, 100, 113–14 Chicago Hockey Team, 156 Chickasaw, 36. See also Five Tribes Chickasaw Freedmen, 186–92 Chief Wahoo (mascot), 84, 153–54 Chinese immigration, 53. See also Asian American community Chippewas, 37 Choctaw, 36, 90, 140. See also Five Tribes Choctaw Freedmen, 186–92 Christianity, 9–10, 68 citizenship: by birth, xx, 5, 102, 113; of Black Americans, 31; Douglass on, 49–50; of Freedmen of the Five Tribes, 186–92; of white people, 18–19. See also belonging; birthright citizenship Civil Rights Act (1866), 50 Civil Rights Journal (publication), 153 civil rights movement, 81–83, 174. See also American Indian Movement (AIM); Black Panther Party; Black Power movement; resistance Civil War, 28, 33, 54 Clarkson, Thomas, 14 Class Struggle in Africa (Nkrumah), 127 Clay, Henry, 44 Cleveland Baseball Team, 84, 153, 155 Coates, Ta-Nehisi, 82–83, 176–77, 178 Cobb, Daniel, 118, 213n39 Cole, Catfish, 78 collective liberation, 107–10, 117–27, 146, 167–85. See also Black Americans; cultural collaboration; Native Americans; resistance Collins, Ella L., 100 Collins, Patricia Hill, 144 colonial projects, 55–56, 108–9, 127–28, 130–31, 172. See also capitalism; democratic project; Indigenous dispossession; settler colonialism; slavery Columbus, Christopher, 150 common good, Jefferson on, 23–24 Communist Party (US), 69 community funding projects, 161–62. See also economic justice campaigns “Composite Nation” (Douglass), 53 Cone, James, 81 Confederate flags, 155 Congress of Racial Equality, 130 Connors, Fred, 120 Constitution. See US Constitution convict leasing system, 56–57. See also mass incarceration; prison abolitionism Cooper, Anna Julia, 47 cotton industry, xv–xvi. See also slavery Coulthard, Glen, 184, 213n38 Cozzens, Peter, 37 Cree (tribal group), 167 Creek (tribal group), 36, 190. See also Five Tribes Creek Freedmen, 186–92 The Crisis (publication), 69, 70, 71
cross-burning, 78, 80. See also police violence; racism Cuffe, Paul, xxii, 12–14, 201n36 cultural appreciation, 135, 138, 157 cultural appropriation, 28, 134–38, 143, 153–54, 155, 157. See also sports team mascots cultural collaboration, 157–58. See also collective liberation Custer Died for Your Sins (Deloria Jr.), 110 Da Costa, Alex and Dia, 171 Daily Mail (publication), 150 Dakota Access Pipeline protests, xiv, 103 Dakotas (tribal group), 58, 67, 70, 74 Darity, William, Jr., 176 David Walker’s Appeal (Walker), 26, 45–46 Davis, Angela, 112, 113, 166, 172 Davis, Ossie, 121 Dawes Act (1887), 54, 56 Dawes Commission (1896), 189 debt peonage, 57. See also slavery “Declaration of the Rights of Negro Peoples of the World” (UNIA), 63 Deer, Sarah, 143 defunding the police campaign, 160, 161, 185. See also policing system Delawares, 37, 91–92 Deloria, Philip, 3, 137 Deloria, Vine, Jr., 110–12, 209n2, 213n39 Democracy in America (Tocqueville), 17, 18. See also Tocqueville, Alexis de Democratic Party (US), 88 democratic project: Attucks and, 14–16; Douglass on, 49, 53; failure of, xv, 183; Hamer and participatory democracy, 87–90; Iroquois Confederacy/Haudenosaunee and US, 2, 19–20; by Jefferson, 23–24; policing and, 159–60, 162; “The 1619 Project” on, 1–2; Tocqueville on, 26–29, 202n22. See also capitalism; colonial projects Dené, 132, 184 Desus and Mero (TV show), 156–57 Detroit Police Department, 161 Detroit Public Schools, x Diamond Hill Vann plantation, 204n17 DiAngelo, Robin, 20–21 Diné, 130 Disney, 141, 143, 144, 145 dispossession. See Indigenous dispossession dispossession by degrees, as phrase, 13 domesticity and national project, 48, 205n54 Domingo, W. A., 207n29 Douglas, Emory, 124 Douglass, Frederick, 49–53 Dred Scott v. Sandford, 42–43 Du Bois, W. E. B.: Black Reconstruction in America, 4, 30, 31, 69, 89; “The Negro Race in the United States of America,” 72; Philadelphia Negro, 69; on Reconstruction, 53; on resistance by enslaved Africans, 33; SAI and, 59; The Souls of Black Folk, 60, 69, 186; “The Souls of White Folk,” 65; URC and, 57, 66–75 Dunbar-Ortiz, Roxanne, xvii, 38
Page 4 and 5:
PRAISE FOR AN AFRO-INDIGENOUS HISTO
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REVISIONING HISTORY SERIES A Queer
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To Liseth, El Don, ChiChi
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CHAPTER SEVEN Black and Indigenous
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Indigenous people in our collective
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and places. In fact, the whole book
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INTRODUCTION Thousands of volumes h
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RECONNECTING DISCONNECTED HISTORIES
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solidarity between Black and white
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important to understand how the whi
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Indigenous peoples have sought ways
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need both movements, as both are he
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Some established (mostly white male
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meeting between a variety of Indige
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Atlantic Diaspora Connections (2009
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During every Black History Month in
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consciousness, and to a considerabl
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PAUL CUFFE Perhaps one of the earli
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Afro-Indigenous peoples in the Unit
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antiblackness. Finally, these exper
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America. There was so much we cover
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president-general and another counc
Page 50 and 51:
the dehumanization of Native people
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On March 4, 1801, Jefferson, during
Page 54 and 55:
lasting in its impact than that wit
Page 56 and 57:
The Native person could not truly e
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CHAPTER THREE ENSLAVEMENT, DISPOSSE
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local autonomy—Reconstruction cha
Page 62 and 63:
unpleasant, but we must try and com
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Choctaw owned 14 percent and the Cr
Page 66 and 67:
surpassed those predecessors by per
Page 68 and 69:
eaders to reconsider the role of In
Page 70 and 71:
a time they moved back to Wisconsin
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white people were interested in rem
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of their resistance to white encroa
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liberation and women’s rights. Ty
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covered numerous topics in the spee
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commit the same sin that the nation
Page 82 and 83:
had to change. They could no longer
Page 84 and 85:
Still, Native people continued to s
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government’s boarding schools and
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civilization and its so-called virt
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function of the National Associatio
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treatment with white men, . . . [th
Page 94 and 95:
In the post-Garvey era, after the U
Page 96 and 97:
learned about the prolific and viol
Page 98 and 99:
Eastman likely participated in the
Page 100 and 101:
Du Bois’s paper offered a broad s
Page 102 and 103:
and men to assert their right to ci
Page 104 and 105:
CHAPTER FIVE BLACK AMERICANS AND NA
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gap we have today, are rooted in ea
Page 108 and 109:
Black Americans remembered this Ind
Page 110 and 111:
legacies have been tainted. People
Page 112 and 113:
Here, King describes the root of ra
Page 114 and 115:
working as a collective to achieve
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egistered in Mississippi. She helpe
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surprising if she did. The Choctaw
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understand history, how they practi
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indeed fought in every war since th
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US, given that the US was not Black
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Malcolm understood well the connect
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me think in terms of American’s i
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In the following scene in the docum
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the land, isn’t four hundred year
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For the majority of white Americans
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this growing unity is the best assu
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with hardly any people of color wil
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did their best to understand how th
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“It was not until Malcolm X came
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lived there. What about their claim
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and operates under a racist and imm
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oth deeply invested in Black civil
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challenge the assumed authority of
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Committee. BWLC, with Frances Beal
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international monopoly finance capi
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Conference on Indigenous Peoples an
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awarded until 2011, and discontinue
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CHAPTER SEVEN BLACK AND INDIGENOUS
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practices and incorporate them into
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e performing minstrelsy without eve
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influenced by racist oppression, th
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Beyond the specifics of this incide
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acism and sexism, as well as across
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there is hardly any chance in hell
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For example, in July 2007, in Detro
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No one wants to be a r*dsk*n. It is
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even absurdly funny. The use of the
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was trying to make. Jones responded
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Desus sarcastically adds, “How ca
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CHAPTER EIGHT THE MATTER OF BLACK A
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Indigenous and Latinx police, “sh
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protester and getting hit with them
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Native people’s use of tropes, sl
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CONCLUSION THE POSSIBILITIES FOR AF
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“they are the problem” and tell
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oppression and white supremacy. . .
Page 198 and 199: movements.” 14 We can learn from
Page 200 and 201: est to acknowledge the importance o
Page 202 and 203: Ta-Nehisi Coates’s fantastic arti
Page 204 and 205: possible. Our imaginations, coupled
Page 206 and 207: to people of African descent. I don
Page 208 and 209: 2. You know how Indigenous Nations
Page 210 and 211: they treated? We should instead cen
Page 212 and 213: Indigenousness are not so different
Page 214 and 215: maintain African enslavement. For n
Page 216 and 217: opposed to her likely believe that
Page 218 and 219: ACKNOWLEDGMENTS YOU DON‘T WRITE a
Page 220 and 221: Emory University. Thank you to the
Page 222 and 223: 5. Patrick Wolfe, Traces of History
Page 224 and 225: the initiative strikes which open t
Page 226 and 227: 13. Thomas Jefferson, Notes on the
Page 228 and 229: 28. Robert Dale Parker, ed., The So
Page 230 and 231: 8. Andrew Woolford, This Benevolent
Page 232 and 233: 6. Malinda Maynor Lowery, The Lumbe
Page 234 and 235: CHAPTER 6. BLACK POWER AND RED POWE
Page 236 and 237: 47. William H. McClendon, “The Bl
Page 238 and 239: 15. Abaki Beck, “Rendered Invisib
Page 240 and 241: 1. Billy-Ray Belcourt and Lindsay N
Page 242 and 243: Name: The Harmful Consequences of P
Page 244 and 245: INDEX Please note that page numbers
Page 246 and 247: Beck, Abaki, 143, 144 The Beginning
Page 250 and 251: Dyson, Michael Eric, 140, 149 Eagle
Page 252 and 253: Hamilton, Charles, 110 Hampton, Fre
Page 254 and 255: Kaplan, Amy, 205n54 Katznelson, Ira
Page 256 and 257: Metacomet (chief), 60 Metropolitan
Page 258 and 259: N.W.A. (band), 161 N-word, as term,
Page 260 and 261: Red Cloud (Oglala Lakota leader), 6
Page 262 and 263: “The Souls of White Folk” (Du B
Page 264 and 265: Wheatley, Phillis, xxii, 8-10, 14,
Page 266 and 267: North and South American activists
Page 268 and 269: Dennis Banks and unknown woman at a
Page 270: Audience at a rally in support of D
Page 273: American Indian Movement member and
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