An Afro-Indigenous History of the United States

8. Andrew Woolford, This Benevolent Experiment: Indigenous Boarding Schools, Genocide, and
Redress in Canada and the United States (Winnipeg: University of Manitoba Press, 2015); Kevin
Whalen, Native Students at Work: American Indian Labor and Sherman Institute’s Outing Program,
1900–1945 (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2016). Woolford argues that the experiences of
Indigenous youth at the boarding schools amount to genocide, according to United Nation’s
definition. Whalen analyzes the relationship between labor and the boarding schools, and how
Indigenous students at the Sherman Boarding School utilized the outing program in order to make
money and to see places like Los Angeles.
9. Society of American Indians, Constitution and By-Laws, 3–4.
10. Arthur Parker, “Certain Important Elements of the Indian Problem,” Quarterly Journal of the
Society of American Indians 3, no. 1 (1913): 26.
11. Parker, Quarterly Journal of the Society of American Indians, 30–31.
12. Laura Cornelius Kellogg, “Some Facts and Figures on Indian Education,” Quarterly Journal of
the American Indian 1, no. 1 (1913): 36.
13. Kellogg, “Some Facts and Figures on Indian Education,” 37.
14. Blain, Set the World on Fire, 14–16.
15. Robert Hill, ed., The Marcus Garvey and Universal Negro Improvement Association Papers,
vol. 1, 1826–August 1919 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1983), 67.
16. Tony Martin, Race First: The Ideological and Organizational Struggles of Marcus Garvey and
the Universal Negro Improvement Association (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1976), 7–10.
17. Martin, Race First, 11.
18. Hill, The Marcus Garvey and Universal Negro Improvement Association Papers, 257.
19. UNIA Declaration of Rights of the Negro Peoples of the World, New York, August 13, 1920,
in Robert Hill, ed., The Marcus Garvey and Universal Negro Improvement Association Papers, vol.
2, August 1919–August 1920 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1983), 571–80.
20. Erez Manela, The Wilsonian Moment: Self-Determination and the International Origins of
Anticolonial Nationalism (New York: Oxford University Press, 2007), 5.
21. Manela, The Wilsonian Moment.
22. UNIA Declaration of Rights of the Negro Peoples.
23. UNIA Declaration of Rights of the Negro Peoples.
24. Kelley, “The Rest of Us,” 269.
25. UNIA Declaration of Rights of the Negro Peoples.
26. UNIA Declaration of Rights of the Negro Peoples.
27. Marcus Garvey, “An Appeal to the Soul of White America,”
https://teachingamericanhistory.org/library/document/an-appeal-to-the-soul-of-white-america,
accessed March 24, 2021.
28. Garvey, “An Appeal to the Soul of White America.”
29. Cyril Briggs, Hubert Harrison, and W. A. Domingo were Black radicals who initially admired
Garvey, but all three eventually grew disenchanted with his perspective, which they decided was
rooted in imperialism and an attempt to conquer Africa. See Minkah Makalani, In the Cause of
Freedom: Radical Black Internationalism from Harlem to London, 1917–1939 (Chapel Hill:
University of North Carolina Press, 2011), 60–69.
30. Manning Marable, “Blackness Beyond Boundaries: Navigating the Political Economies of
Global Inequality,” in Transnational Blackness: Navigating the Global Color Line, ed. Manning
Marable and Vanessa Agard-Jones (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008), 4.
31. Frederick Hoxie, This Indian Country: American Indian Political Activism and the Place They
Made (New York: Penguin Books, 2012), 225.
32. Hoxie, This Indian Country, 231.
33. See Ida B. Wells-Barnett, On Lynchings (Mineola, NY: Dover Publications, 2014).