An Afro-Indigenous History of the United States

women, positioned at the center of the home, play a major role in defining the contours of the nation
and its shifting borders with the foreign” (582).
55. Frederick Douglass, Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass: An American Slave, Written
by Himself, ed. David W. Blight (Boston: Bedford/ St. Martin’s, 2003), 97.
56. David W. Blight, Frederick Douglass: Prophet of Freedom (New York: Simon & Schuster,
2018), xix.
57. Frederick Douglass, Life and Times of Frederick Douglass, Written by Himself, rev. ed.
(Boston: De Wolfe & Fiske, 1892), http://hdl.handle.net/2027/nc01.ark:/13960/t75t4qt9v, 355.
58. National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), May 29, 1869.
59. Donal F. Lindsey, Indians at Hampton Institute, 1877–1923 (Urbana: University of Illinois
Press, 1994), 23.
60. Booker T. Washington, Up from Slavery (1901; repr., CreateSpace Independent Publishing
Platform, 2018), 45.
61. Blight, Frederick Douglass, 486.
62. Frederick Douglass, “‘Composite Nation’ Lecture in the Parker Fraternity Course, Boston,”
Library of Congress, 1867 Manuscript/Mixed Material, Folder 2 of 3,
https://www.loc.gov/item/mfd.22017.
63. Douglass, “‘Composite Nation’ Lecture.”
64. Douglass, “Composite Nation’ Lecture.”
65. Douglass, “‘Composite Nation’ Lecture.”
66. Du Bois, Black Reconstruction in America, 708.
67. C. Joseph Genetin-Pilawa, Crooked Paths to Allotment: The Fight over Federal Indian Policy
after the Civil War (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2012), 92–93. Historian
Genetin-Pilawa calls the Indigenous activists that helped shape these activities “political
entrepreneurs,” who, he argues, “seize moments of opportunity to shape political debates, frames
issues, and influence agendas. They create and often transform policies and institutions” (5).
68. “Ely Parker’s Implementation of the Peace Policy,” PBS,
http://www.pbs.org/warrior/content/timeline/hero/1869peace.html.
CHAPTER 4. BLACK AND INDIGENOUS (INTER)NATIONALISMS
DURING THE PROGRESSIVE ERA
1. Rayford W. Logan, The Negro in American Life and Thought: The Nadir, 1877–1901 (New
York: Dial Press, 1954), 52.
2. Glenda Gilmore, ed., introduction, Who Were the Progressives? (New York: Bedford/St.
Martin’s, 2002), 3.
3. David Chang, “Enclosures of Land and Sovereignty: The Allotment of American Indian Lands,”
Radical History Review 109 (2011): 108.
4. For an analysis of the links between incarceration, gender, and modernity during Jim Crow, see
Sarah Haley, No Mercy Here: Gender, Punishment, and the Making of Jim Crow Modernity (Chapel
Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2016), 3.
5. Keisha N. Blain, Set the World on Fire: Black Nationalist Women and the Global Struggle for
Freedom (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2018), 105.
6. Paul C. Rosier, Serving Their Country: American Indian Politics and Patriotism in the
Twentieth Century (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2009), 7. Though Rosier refers to the
years after the World Wars and Vietnam, I do think this book serves as an instructive point of
comparison for understanding Black and Indigenous internationalism in different periods.
7. Frederick E. Hoxie, ed., Talking Back to Civilization: Indian Voices from the Progressive Era
(New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2001), 3.