An Afro-Indigenous History of the United States

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“The Souls of White Folk” (Du Bois), 65 South Africa, 64, 104, 130–31, 169, 171–72, 180, 215n72 Southern Christian Leadership Conference, 85, 118. See also civil rights movement sovereignty, xx–xxi; Cherokee notions of, 34; in early US democratic project, 22; of the intellect, 40, 204n33; IRA on, 77; Johnston Schoolcraft on, 40–41; Obadele on, 115–17; popular, xv; Red Power movement, 110–14; SAI on, 59. See also Native Americans; self-determination; treaties Spiller, Gustav, 70, 71 Spillers, Hortense J., 199n7 sports team mascots, 3, 84, 137, 140, 153–57. See also cultural appropriation; racism Stamped from the Beginning (Kendi), 12, 135 Standing Rock Sioux, 110, 183; Dakota Access Pipeline resistance, xiv, 103 state apologies, 175–76 Stuckey, Sterling, 4–5, 10 survivance, xxi, 168. See also resistance; self-determination; sovereignty Susquehannock, xvi–xvii TallBear, Kim, 171 Tambo, Oliver Reginald Kaizana, 130–31 Taney, Roger, 42–43 Tappan, Cora Daniels, 52 Taylor, Breonna, xiv, xxiii, 89, 142, 159. See also police violence Taylor, Keeanga-Yamahtta, 180 Tecumseh (chief), 37–39, 60 Tecumseh and the Prophet (Cozzens), 37 Tenskwatawa the Prophet, 37, 38 Terry, Lucy. See Prince, Lucy Terry Thanksgiving, 150 Theoharis, Jeanne, 82 Things Fall Apart (Achebe), 173 “The Third World” (Black Scholar), 108, 122 Third World oppression and US race relations, 108–9 Third World Women’s Alliance (TWWA), 125, 214n53 Thirteenth Amendment, 56 Thom, Mel, 118 Thomas, Lamont, 12 Three-Fifths Compromise, 22 Ties That Bind (Miles), 34 Tillery, Alvin B., Jr., 202n22 Tillie Walker, 118 Time (publication), 82 tobacco industry, xvi Tocqueville, Alexis de, 17, 18, 26–29, 202n22 Toews, Jonathan, 156 Tometi, Opal, 163 “To My People” (Shakur), 126 Traces of History (Wolfe), xiv trans positionality, 164, 218n10 treaties, xx–xxi, 35–36; with Black Americans, 183; on fishing rights, 120–21; rethinking future of, 183–84; SAI on, 59–60; Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek, 30; Treaty of Fort Wayne, 37; Treaty of Greenville, 37; Treaty of Holston, 188; Treaty of Paris, 37; Treaty with the Florida Tribes of Indians, 188. See also Indigenous dispossession; law; Native Americans; sovereignty
tribal sovereignty. See sovereignty A Tribe Called Geek, 140 Triple Jeopardy (publication), 125 Trotz, Barry, 156 Trump, Donald, 2, 89 Truth, Sojourner, 46–49 truth commissions, 175, 220n17. See also reparations Tubman, Harriet, 33, 34–37 Tucker, Deborah, 173 Ture, Kwame. See Carmichael, Stokely Turtle Mountain Chippewa, 122, 133 Tuskegee University, 51, 62 Udall, Stewart, 119 Underground Railroad, 33, 34, 35. See also slavery United Church of Christ Commission for Racial Justice, 153 United Indian Liberation Front, 132 United Nations, 121, 132, 171, 172 Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA), 57, 61–66 Universal Races Congress (1911), 57, 66–75, 208nn45–46 Up from Slavery (Washington), 51, 62 URC. See Universal Races Congress (1911) US Constitution, xxii, 20, 56, 162, 183 Vann, James, 204n17 Vietnam War, 124 Vigil, Kiara, 74 violence against women, 141, 143, 144, 159, 166. See also hypersexualization of women violent resistance, 79, 182. See also nonviolent strategies; resistance Virginia, xvi, 24–25 Vizenor, Gerald, xxi voting, 22, 88–89, 160, 164, 182 Walker, Alice, 8, 10 Walker, David, 26, 45–46 Walker, Tillie, 118, 120 Walker River Paiute, 118 Wallace, Anthony F. C., 23 Wampanoag, 12 War of 1812, 39 Warrior, Robert, 109–10 Washington (state), 120 Washington, Booker T., 51, 62 Washington, George, 20 Washington Capitals (hockey team), 156 Washington Football Team, 84, 150, 151, 154–55 Waubojeeg, 40–41 weapons, 162–63. See also police violence Wells-Barnett, Ida B., 68 “We’re on Our Way” (Hamer), 88–89 “What Is This Black in Popular Culture?” (Hall), 136
Page 4 and 5:
PRAISE FOR AN AFRO-INDIGENOUS HISTO
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REVISIONING HISTORY SERIES A Queer
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To Liseth, El Don, ChiChi
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CHAPTER SEVEN Black and Indigenous
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Indigenous people in our collective
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and places. In fact, the whole book
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INTRODUCTION Thousands of volumes h
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RECONNECTING DISCONNECTED HISTORIES
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solidarity between Black and white
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important to understand how the whi
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Indigenous peoples have sought ways
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need both movements, as both are he
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Some established (mostly white male
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meeting between a variety of Indige
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Atlantic Diaspora Connections (2009
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During every Black History Month in
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consciousness, and to a considerabl
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PAUL CUFFE Perhaps one of the earli
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Afro-Indigenous peoples in the Unit
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antiblackness. Finally, these exper
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America. There was so much we cover
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president-general and another counc
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the dehumanization of Native people
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On March 4, 1801, Jefferson, during
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lasting in its impact than that wit
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The Native person could not truly e
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CHAPTER THREE ENSLAVEMENT, DISPOSSE
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local autonomy—Reconstruction cha
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unpleasant, but we must try and com
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Choctaw owned 14 percent and the Cr
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surpassed those predecessors by per
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eaders to reconsider the role of In
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a time they moved back to Wisconsin
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white people were interested in rem
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of their resistance to white encroa
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liberation and women’s rights. Ty
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covered numerous topics in the spee
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commit the same sin that the nation
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had to change. They could no longer
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Still, Native people continued to s
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government’s boarding schools and
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civilization and its so-called virt
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function of the National Associatio
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treatment with white men, . . . [th
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In the post-Garvey era, after the U
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learned about the prolific and viol
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Eastman likely participated in the
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Du Bois’s paper offered a broad s
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and men to assert their right to ci
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CHAPTER FIVE BLACK AMERICANS AND NA
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gap we have today, are rooted in ea
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Black Americans remembered this Ind
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legacies have been tainted. People
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Here, King describes the root of ra
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working as a collective to achieve
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egistered in Mississippi. She helpe
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surprising if she did. The Choctaw
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understand history, how they practi
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indeed fought in every war since th
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US, given that the US was not Black
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Malcolm understood well the connect
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me think in terms of American’s i
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In the following scene in the docum
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the land, isn’t four hundred year
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For the majority of white Americans
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this growing unity is the best assu
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with hardly any people of color wil
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did their best to understand how th
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“It was not until Malcolm X came
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lived there. What about their claim
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and operates under a racist and imm
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oth deeply invested in Black civil
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challenge the assumed authority of
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Committee. BWLC, with Frances Beal
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international monopoly finance capi
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Conference on Indigenous Peoples an
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awarded until 2011, and discontinue
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CHAPTER SEVEN BLACK AND INDIGENOUS
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practices and incorporate them into
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e performing minstrelsy without eve
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influenced by racist oppression, th
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Beyond the specifics of this incide
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acism and sexism, as well as across
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there is hardly any chance in hell
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For example, in July 2007, in Detro
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No one wants to be a r*dsk*n. It is
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even absurdly funny. The use of the
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was trying to make. Jones responded
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Desus sarcastically adds, “How ca
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CHAPTER EIGHT THE MATTER OF BLACK A
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Indigenous and Latinx police, “sh
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protester and getting hit with them
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Native people’s use of tropes, sl
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CONCLUSION THE POSSIBILITIES FOR AF
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“they are the problem” and tell
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oppression and white supremacy. . .
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movements.” 14 We can learn from
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est to acknowledge the importance o
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Ta-Nehisi Coates’s fantastic arti
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possible. Our imaginations, coupled
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to people of African descent. I don
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2. You know how Indigenous Nations
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they treated? We should instead cen
Page 212 and 213: Indigenousness are not so different
Page 214 and 215: maintain African enslavement. For n
Page 216 and 217: opposed to her likely believe that
Page 218 and 219: ACKNOWLEDGMENTS YOU DON‘T WRITE a
Page 220 and 221: Emory University. Thank you to the
Page 222 and 223: 5. Patrick Wolfe, Traces of History
Page 224 and 225: the initiative strikes which open t
Page 226 and 227: 13. Thomas Jefferson, Notes on the
Page 228 and 229: 28. Robert Dale Parker, ed., The So
Page 230 and 231: 8. Andrew Woolford, This Benevolent
Page 232 and 233: 6. Malinda Maynor Lowery, The Lumbe
Page 234 and 235: CHAPTER 6. BLACK POWER AND RED POWE
Page 236 and 237: 47. William H. McClendon, “The Bl
Page 238 and 239: 15. Abaki Beck, “Rendered Invisib
Page 240 and 241: 1. Billy-Ray Belcourt and Lindsay N
Page 242 and 243: Name: The Harmful Consequences of P
Page 244 and 245: INDEX Please note that page numbers
Page 246 and 247: Beck, Abaki, 143, 144 The Beginning
Page 248 and 249: Chicago Defender (publication), 76,
Page 250 and 251: Dyson, Michael Eric, 140, 149 Eagle
Page 252 and 253: Hamilton, Charles, 110 Hampton, Fre
Page 254 and 255: Kaplan, Amy, 205n54 Katznelson, Ira
Page 256 and 257: Metacomet (chief), 60 Metropolitan
Page 258 and 259: N.W.A. (band), 161 N-word, as term,
Page 260 and 261: Red Cloud (Oglala Lakota leader), 6
Page 264 and 265: Wheatley, Phillis, xxii, 8-10, 14,
Page 266 and 267: North and South American activists
Page 268 and 269: Dennis Banks and unknown woman at a
Page 270: Audience at a rally in support of D
Page 273: American Indian Movement member and
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