An Afro-Indigenous History of the United States

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INDEX Please note that page numbers are not accurate for the e-book edition. Abernathy, Ralph, 113–14, 118, 120–21 abolitionism, 32, 44–54, 106, 185. See also prison abolitionism; slavery Abolition of the Slave Trade (Clarkson), 14 accountability, 134, 146, 160–65. See also reparations Achebe, Chinua, 173 Acoli, Sundiata, 125 Adams, Hank, 118, 119 Adams, Samuel, 15 Adler, Felix, 68, 69 affirmative action, 77–78, 148 African Americans. See Afro-Indigenous Americans; Black Americans; enslaved Africans African American Vernacular English (or Black English), 27, 35, 137–38. See also language African immigrant community in US, 171 African National Congress (ANC), 130–31 Africans in US. See Black Americans; enslaved Africans; Indigenous Africans Afro-Indigenous Americans: Burrell on, 113–14; Paul Cuffe, 12–14; on cultural appropriation, 141– 42; Freedmen of the Five Tribes, 186–92; history of, xiii–xiv, xxi–xxiii; as term, xiii, 150. See also Indigenous Africans; names of specific persons Afro-Latinx community, 171 Afro-Native, as term, xiii. See also Afro-Indigenous Americans; Black Americans; Native Americans Afro-pessimism, 198n17 “Ain’t I a Woman?” (Truth), 46–47 Albany Plan, 19–20 Alcatraz Island protest (1969–71), 109. See also resistance Alexander, Michelle, 56 Algorithms of Oppression (Noble), 146 Alkalimat, Abdul, 93 All-African People’s Revolutionary Party (AAPRP), 112, 128–31, 215n66 “All Lives Matter,” 137 American Anti-Slavery Society (AASS), 50, 52 American Colonization Society (ACS), 43–45
American Descendants of Slavery (ADOS), 177–78 American Dream, 104–5 American Indian Conference, 80, 118 American Indian Movement (AIM), 80, 109, 112, 122, 132, 165. See also Native Americans; resistance American Revolution (1775–83), 8, 10, 15–16, 37, 96, 97, 201n38 Anderson, Claud, 33 Anderson, Larry, 130 Anderson, William, 170 Angelou, Maya, 35 anger, xxiii, 21, 101, 142, 185. See also fear Anishinaabe, 39–41, 130, 132, 136, 170 Anishinaabe, Michi Saagiig, 92 antiblackness: Baldwin on, 101; Cuffe and, 13; experienced by author, xi; Harris on, xviii–xix; by Jefferson, 23; King on, 85–86; by Native Americans, 174; negro, as term, 22; “n*gg*r,” as term, 147–48, 151; Tocqueville on, 28; ubiquity of, 187. See also police violence; racism anti-Indigenous: in Declaration of Independence, 22–23; “playing Indian,” 84, 134, 137, 153–54; R- word, 84, 150–52; sports team mascots and, 3, 84, 137, 140, 153–54, 156–57; ubiquity of, 187. See also racism anti-racism, 111, 168 apartheid, 104, 130–31, 169, 171–72, 215n72 “An Appeal to the Soul of White America” (Garvey), 65 Aquinnah Wampanoag, 12 Armstrong, Samuel C., 51 As Black as Resistance (Samudzi and Anderson), 170 Ashanti, 12, 13 Asheville, North Carolina, 176 Asian American community, 53, 108, 123, 135, 138, 171, 172 assassinations: of Black Panthers, 124; of King, 118; of Malcolm X, 96, 104, 114, 122 assimilation, 60, 111. See also boarding schools; erasure Assiniboine, 118 Atlanta “Braves,” 84 The Atlantic (publication), 176–77 atmospheric violence, 159. See also police violence Attucks, Crispus, 5, 14–16, 201n38 Aunt Jemima, 155 author’s positionality, ix–xii, 76, 187 The Autobiography of Malcolm X (Malcolm X), 82, 90–91, 92–93, 98 Baamewaawaagizhigokwe, 39–41 “Back to Africa” bill, 57 Bacon, Nathaniel, xvi Bacon’s Rebellion (1676), xvi–xvii, 197n17 Baldwin, James, 81, 100–107, 169 banking, 180, 220n30. See also capitalism Bank of America, 152 Banks, Dennis, 109, 122–23, 124 Barber, William J., II, 181 “Bars Fight” (Terry), 11 baseball team mascots, 84. See also sports team mascots
Page 4 and 5:
PRAISE FOR AN AFRO-INDIGENOUS HISTO
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REVISIONING HISTORY SERIES A Queer
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To Liseth, El Don, ChiChi
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CHAPTER SEVEN Black and Indigenous
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Indigenous people in our collective
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and places. In fact, the whole book
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INTRODUCTION Thousands of volumes h
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RECONNECTING DISCONNECTED HISTORIES
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solidarity between Black and white
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important to understand how the whi
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Indigenous peoples have sought ways
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need both movements, as both are he
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Some established (mostly white male
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meeting between a variety of Indige
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Atlantic Diaspora Connections (2009
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During every Black History Month in
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consciousness, and to a considerabl
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PAUL CUFFE Perhaps one of the earli
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Afro-Indigenous peoples in the Unit
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antiblackness. Finally, these exper
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America. There was so much we cover
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president-general and another counc
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the dehumanization of Native people
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On March 4, 1801, Jefferson, during
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lasting in its impact than that wit
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The Native person could not truly e
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CHAPTER THREE ENSLAVEMENT, DISPOSSE
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local autonomy—Reconstruction cha
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unpleasant, but we must try and com
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Choctaw owned 14 percent and the Cr
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surpassed those predecessors by per
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eaders to reconsider the role of In
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a time they moved back to Wisconsin
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white people were interested in rem
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of their resistance to white encroa
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liberation and women’s rights. Ty
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covered numerous topics in the spee
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commit the same sin that the nation
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had to change. They could no longer
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Still, Native people continued to s
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government’s boarding schools and
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civilization and its so-called virt
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function of the National Associatio
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treatment with white men, . . . [th
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In the post-Garvey era, after the U
Page 96 and 97:
learned about the prolific and viol
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Eastman likely participated in the
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Du Bois’s paper offered a broad s
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and men to assert their right to ci
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CHAPTER FIVE BLACK AMERICANS AND NA
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gap we have today, are rooted in ea
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Black Americans remembered this Ind
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legacies have been tainted. People
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Here, King describes the root of ra
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working as a collective to achieve
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egistered in Mississippi. She helpe
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surprising if she did. The Choctaw
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understand history, how they practi
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indeed fought in every war since th
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US, given that the US was not Black
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Malcolm understood well the connect
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me think in terms of American’s i
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In the following scene in the docum
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the land, isn’t four hundred year
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For the majority of white Americans
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this growing unity is the best assu
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with hardly any people of color wil
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did their best to understand how th
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“It was not until Malcolm X came
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lived there. What about their claim
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and operates under a racist and imm
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oth deeply invested in Black civil
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challenge the assumed authority of
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Committee. BWLC, with Frances Beal
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international monopoly finance capi
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Conference on Indigenous Peoples an
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awarded until 2011, and discontinue
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CHAPTER SEVEN BLACK AND INDIGENOUS
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practices and incorporate them into
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e performing minstrelsy without eve
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influenced by racist oppression, th
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Beyond the specifics of this incide
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acism and sexism, as well as across
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there is hardly any chance in hell
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For example, in July 2007, in Detro
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No one wants to be a r*dsk*n. It is
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even absurdly funny. The use of the
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was trying to make. Jones responded
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Desus sarcastically adds, “How ca
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CHAPTER EIGHT THE MATTER OF BLACK A
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Indigenous and Latinx police, “sh
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protester and getting hit with them
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Native people’s use of tropes, sl
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CONCLUSION THE POSSIBILITIES FOR AF
Page 194 and 195: “they are the problem” and tell
Page 196 and 197: oppression and white supremacy. . .
Page 198 and 199: movements.” 14 We can learn from
Page 200 and 201: est to acknowledge the importance o
Page 202 and 203: Ta-Nehisi Coates’s fantastic arti
Page 204 and 205: possible. Our imaginations, coupled
Page 206 and 207: to people of African descent. I don
Page 208 and 209: 2. You know how Indigenous Nations
Page 210 and 211: they treated? We should instead cen
Page 212 and 213: Indigenousness are not so different
Page 214 and 215: maintain African enslavement. For n
Page 216 and 217: opposed to her likely believe that
Page 218 and 219: ACKNOWLEDGMENTS YOU DON‘T WRITE a
Page 220 and 221: Emory University. Thank you to the
Page 222 and 223: 5. Patrick Wolfe, Traces of History
Page 224 and 225: the initiative strikes which open t
Page 226 and 227: 13. Thomas Jefferson, Notes on the
Page 228 and 229: 28. Robert Dale Parker, ed., The So
Page 230 and 231: 8. Andrew Woolford, This Benevolent
Page 232 and 233: 6. Malinda Maynor Lowery, The Lumbe
Page 234 and 235: CHAPTER 6. BLACK POWER AND RED POWE
Page 236 and 237: 47. William H. McClendon, “The Bl
Page 238 and 239: 15. Abaki Beck, “Rendered Invisib
Page 240 and 241: 1. Billy-Ray Belcourt and Lindsay N
Page 242 and 243: Name: The Harmful Consequences of P
Page 246 and 247: Beck, Abaki, 143, 144 The Beginning
Page 248 and 249: Chicago Defender (publication), 76,
Page 250 and 251: Dyson, Michael Eric, 140, 149 Eagle
Page 252 and 253: Hamilton, Charles, 110 Hampton, Fre
Page 254 and 255: Kaplan, Amy, 205n54 Katznelson, Ira
Page 256 and 257: Metacomet (chief), 60 Metropolitan
Page 258 and 259: N.W.A. (band), 161 N-word, as term,
Page 260 and 261: Red Cloud (Oglala Lakota leader), 6
Page 262 and 263: “The Souls of White Folk” (Du B
Page 264 and 265: Wheatley, Phillis, xxii, 8-10, 14,
Page 266 and 267: North and South American activists
Page 268 and 269: Dennis Banks and unknown woman at a
Page 270: Audience at a rally in support of D
Page 273: American Indian Movement member and
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