An Afro-Indigenous History of the United States

34. Equal Justice Initiative, Lynching in America: Confronting the Legacy of Racial Terror
(Montgomery, AL: Equal Justice Initiative, 2017), 4.
35. Gustav Spiller, ed., Papers on Interracial Problems (1911; repr., New York: Arno, 1969), 4,
23.
36. The Crisis 1, no. 2 (1910).
37. The Crisis 1, no. 2 (1910).
38. The Crisis 1, no. 6 (1911): 23.
39. Richard Henry Pratt, “The Advantages of Mingling Indians with Whites,” in Americanizing the
American Indians: Writings by the “Friends of the Indian,” 1880–1900, ed. Francis Paul Prucha
(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1973), 260–61.
40. Charles A. Eastman to Richard Henry Pratt, January 27, 1911, Papers of Richard Henry Pratt,
Box 3, Folder 85.
41. Raymond Wilson, Ohiyesa: Charles Eastman, Santee Sioux (Urbana: University of Illinois
Press, 1983), 150.
42. Charles A. Eastman, From the Deep Woods to Civilization (Boston: Little, Brown, 1916), 192–
93.
43. Eastman, From the Deep Woods to Civilization, 187.
44. The Crisis, 1 no. 2 (1910).
45. The URC sent out press releases and wrote to educational secretaries in countries around the
world so that they might adopt the URC’s stance on race and enlightenment.
46. The URC’s proposed second Congress did not occur because of World War I.
47. Spiller, Proceedings, 5.
48. Spiller, Proceedings, 348.
49. Spiller, Proceedings, 351.
50. Spiller, Proceedings, 353.
51. Spiller, Proceedings, 368.
52. Spiller, Proceedings, 369.
53. Kiara M. Vigil, Indigenous Intellectuals: Sovereignty, Citizenship, and the American
Imagination, 1880–1930 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2015), 50.
54. Vigil, Indigenous Intellectuals, 374.
55. Vigil, Indigenous Intellectuals, 360.
56. Vigil, Indigenous Intellectuals, 376.
57. W. E. B. Du Bois, “The Souls of White Folk,” in Darkwater: Voices from Within the Veil (New
York: Harcourt, Brace, 1921), 49.
58. Eastman, From the Deep Woods to Civilization, 189.
CHAPTER 5. BLACK AMERICANS AND NATIVE AMERICANS IN
THE CIVIL RIGHTS IMAGINATION
1. “Says Indians on Bottom,” Chicago Defender, December 10, 1949.
2. Vine Deloria Jr. and Clifford Lytle, The Nations Within: The Past and Future of American
Indian Sovereignty (New York: Pantheon Books, 1984), 158–59. Deloria Jr. and Lytle offer a
fantastic analysis of modern tribal governments and a variety of policies that have impacted Native
nations.
3. Colleen Doody, Detroit’s Cold War: The Origins of Postwar Conservatism (Urbana: University
of Illinois Press, 2013), 49.
4. Ira Katznelson, When Affirmative Action Was White: An Untold History of Racial Inequality in
America (New York: W. W. Norton, 2006), 23.
5. Douglas K. Miller, Indians on the Move: Native American Mobility and Urbanization in the
Twentieth Century (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2019), 9.