An Afro-Indigenous History of the United States

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Metacomet (chief), 60 Metropolitan Urban Indian Director, 163 mezcal, 135 Miamis (tribal group), 37 Michigan Alliance Against Repression, 112 Michigan State University, 17 Miles, Tiya, xv, 34 Miller, Susan A., 203n12 Minaj, Nicki, 143, 144, 145 Minges, Patrick, 173 Minneapolis Police Department, 163 Minnesota, 163 minstrelsy, 134, 137–38. See also cultural appropriation; racism Miranda, Lin-Manuel, 21 miscegenation, 25 Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women, 159, 166 Mississippi, 88, 89, 90, 104 Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party, 88 Mohawk, 184 Monroe, James, 44 Monroe Doctrine, 44 Montezuma, Carlos, 58, 70, 71 Moore, Antonio, 177 Moral Mondays, 181 A More Beautiful and Terrible History (Theoharis), 82 More Than a Word (film), 152 Moses, Ruth, 12 Movement for Black Lives, 142, 151. See also Black Lives Matter movement Muhammad, Elijah, 95–96, 97, 115 Mullen, A. Kirsten, 176 Munsee Delaware, 91–92 music: blues, 30–31; Christian hymn, 87; hip-hop, 137–38, 149, 152; rap, 137–38, 147 NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People), 62, 69, 79–80, 148 Narrative of the Life and Adventures of Paul Cuffe, a Pequot Indian (Cuffe), 13 Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass (Douglass), 49 NASCAR, 155 National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. See NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People) National Basketball Association, 166 National Congress of American Indians, 80, 110, 122, 173, 213n39 National Indian Youth Council, 118 national project. See Black nationalism; white nationalism National Union Convention (1866), 49 Nation of Islam, 91, 94, 97, 100 Native, as term, 105–6 Native Americans: AIM, 80, 109, 112, 122, 132, 165; Alcatraz occupation by, 109; Baldwin on, 102– 3; belonging of, xxi, 91–92; –Black futures, 157, 167–85; Black Panther Party and, 122, 124–26; boarding schools for, 58, 61, 70, 173, 207n8; cultural appropriation of, 134, 135, 137, 141–42,
143, 145; Dakota Access Pipeline protests, xiv, 103; David Walker’s Appeal on, 45–46; Douglass on, 51–53; Dred Scott v. Sandford on, 43; Ellison on, 30–31; as enslaved persons, 36; erasure of, 3, 31, 137, 150, 205n47; Federalist Papers on, 21–22; genocide of, xxi, 85; Indigenous dispossession of, xv, 18–19; Jefferson on, 25–26; King on, 84–86; Malcolm X on, 91–92, 93, 95, 98–99; NdN popular culture of, 138–41; Obadele on, 115–17; Pan-Indianism, 37–39, 57–61; against police violence, 163–66; policing of, 163, 219n13; in Poor People’s Campaign, 118–22; racist sports team mascots and, 3, 84, 137, 140, 153–54, 156–57; Red Power movement, 110–14, 132–33, 165; reparations discourse and, 176, 177, 178–81; R-word and, 84, 150–52; SAI of, 57– 61, 67, 71; Sand Creek Massacre of, 102; “savage,” as term and, 152–53; survivance by, xxi, 168; Tecumseh, 37–39; Tocqueville on, 28; tribal governance of, 77; violence against women, 141, 143, 144; white-passing, 141, 184–85; Wounded Knee Massacre of, 54, 74, 102–3; Wounded Knee occupation of, 112–13, 132. See also Afro-Indigenous Americans; American Indian Movement (AIM); Indigenous dispossession; Native disappearance myth; resistance; settler colonialism; sovereignty; treaties; names of specific tribes and persons Native disappearance myth: Black Americans on, 52, 68, 80, 94; general belief in, 50, 103; redface and, 137; SAI on, 59; Tocqueville on, 28; Vizenor on, xxi. See also erasure; Native Americans; “r*dsk*n,” as term Native Lives Matter Movement, 164–66 Natives Land Act (South Africa; 1913), 180 Native Son (Wright), 106 Navajo and Hopi Relocation Act (1974), 130 NdN, 138–41 negro, as term, 22. See also N-word, as term Negroes with Guns (Williams), 78 “The Negro Race in the United States of America” (Du Bois), 72 Nelson, Ralph, 102 neocolonialism, 127–28. See also colonial projects nerd culture, 140 New Deal, 77 New Jim Crow, 28–29, 56 Newport Mercury (publication), 8 Newsome, Bree, 155 Newton, Huey, 124 New World descendants, as term, xviii New York City, 91–92 New Yorker (publication), 30 New York Times Magazine (publication), 1 “n*gg*r,” as term, 147–48, 151. See also language (concept); N-word, as term Nigeria, 6 “nigga,” as term, 147–50. See also language (concept); N-word, as term Nike, 152 Nisqually (tribal group), 120 Nixon, Richard, 166 Nkrumah, Kwame, 97, 127–28 Noble, Safiya Umoja, 146 nonviolent strategies, 39, 78–79, 182. See also literary production as resistance “The North American Indian” (Eastman), 72 North Carolina, 176 Notes of a Native Son (Baldwin), 105 Notes on the State of Virginia (Jefferson), 24–25, 26
Page 4 and 5:
PRAISE FOR AN AFRO-INDIGENOUS HISTO
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REVISIONING HISTORY SERIES A Queer
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To Liseth, El Don, ChiChi
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CHAPTER SEVEN Black and Indigenous
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Indigenous people in our collective
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and places. In fact, the whole book
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INTRODUCTION Thousands of volumes h
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RECONNECTING DISCONNECTED HISTORIES
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solidarity between Black and white
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important to understand how the whi
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Indigenous peoples have sought ways
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need both movements, as both are he
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Some established (mostly white male
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meeting between a variety of Indige
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Atlantic Diaspora Connections (2009
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During every Black History Month in
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consciousness, and to a considerabl
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PAUL CUFFE Perhaps one of the earli
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Afro-Indigenous peoples in the Unit
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antiblackness. Finally, these exper
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America. There was so much we cover
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president-general and another counc
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the dehumanization of Native people
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On March 4, 1801, Jefferson, during
Page 54 and 55:
lasting in its impact than that wit
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The Native person could not truly e
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CHAPTER THREE ENSLAVEMENT, DISPOSSE
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local autonomy—Reconstruction cha
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unpleasant, but we must try and com
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Choctaw owned 14 percent and the Cr
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surpassed those predecessors by per
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eaders to reconsider the role of In
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a time they moved back to Wisconsin
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white people were interested in rem
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of their resistance to white encroa
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liberation and women’s rights. Ty
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covered numerous topics in the spee
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commit the same sin that the nation
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had to change. They could no longer
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Still, Native people continued to s
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government’s boarding schools and
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civilization and its so-called virt
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function of the National Associatio
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treatment with white men, . . . [th
Page 94 and 95:
In the post-Garvey era, after the U
Page 96 and 97:
learned about the prolific and viol
Page 98 and 99:
Eastman likely participated in the
Page 100 and 101:
Du Bois’s paper offered a broad s
Page 102 and 103:
and men to assert their right to ci
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CHAPTER FIVE BLACK AMERICANS AND NA
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gap we have today, are rooted in ea
Page 108 and 109:
Black Americans remembered this Ind
Page 110 and 111:
legacies have been tainted. People
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Here, King describes the root of ra
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working as a collective to achieve
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egistered in Mississippi. She helpe
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surprising if she did. The Choctaw
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understand history, how they practi
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indeed fought in every war since th
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US, given that the US was not Black
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Malcolm understood well the connect
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me think in terms of American’s i
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In the following scene in the docum
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the land, isn’t four hundred year
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For the majority of white Americans
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this growing unity is the best assu
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with hardly any people of color wil
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did their best to understand how th
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“It was not until Malcolm X came
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lived there. What about their claim
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and operates under a racist and imm
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oth deeply invested in Black civil
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challenge the assumed authority of
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Committee. BWLC, with Frances Beal
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international monopoly finance capi
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Conference on Indigenous Peoples an
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awarded until 2011, and discontinue
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CHAPTER SEVEN BLACK AND INDIGENOUS
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practices and incorporate them into
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e performing minstrelsy without eve
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influenced by racist oppression, th
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Beyond the specifics of this incide
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acism and sexism, as well as across
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there is hardly any chance in hell
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For example, in July 2007, in Detro
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No one wants to be a r*dsk*n. It is
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even absurdly funny. The use of the
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was trying to make. Jones responded
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Desus sarcastically adds, “How ca
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CHAPTER EIGHT THE MATTER OF BLACK A
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Indigenous and Latinx police, “sh
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protester and getting hit with them
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Native people’s use of tropes, sl
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CONCLUSION THE POSSIBILITIES FOR AF
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“they are the problem” and tell
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oppression and white supremacy. . .
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movements.” 14 We can learn from
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est to acknowledge the importance o
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Ta-Nehisi Coates’s fantastic arti
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possible. Our imaginations, coupled
Page 206 and 207: to people of African descent. I don
Page 208 and 209: 2. You know how Indigenous Nations
Page 210 and 211: they treated? We should instead cen
Page 212 and 213: Indigenousness are not so different
Page 214 and 215: maintain African enslavement. For n
Page 216 and 217: opposed to her likely believe that
Page 218 and 219: ACKNOWLEDGMENTS YOU DON‘T WRITE a
Page 220 and 221: Emory University. Thank you to the
Page 222 and 223: 5. Patrick Wolfe, Traces of History
Page 224 and 225: the initiative strikes which open t
Page 226 and 227: 13. Thomas Jefferson, Notes on the
Page 228 and 229: 28. Robert Dale Parker, ed., The So
Page 230 and 231: 8. Andrew Woolford, This Benevolent
Page 232 and 233: 6. Malinda Maynor Lowery, The Lumbe
Page 234 and 235: CHAPTER 6. BLACK POWER AND RED POWE
Page 236 and 237: 47. William H. McClendon, “The Bl
Page 238 and 239: 15. Abaki Beck, “Rendered Invisib
Page 240 and 241: 1. Billy-Ray Belcourt and Lindsay N
Page 242 and 243: Name: The Harmful Consequences of P
Page 244 and 245: INDEX Please note that page numbers
Page 246 and 247: Beck, Abaki, 143, 144 The Beginning
Page 248 and 249: Chicago Defender (publication), 76,
Page 250 and 251: Dyson, Michael Eric, 140, 149 Eagle
Page 252 and 253: Hamilton, Charles, 110 Hampton, Fre
Page 254 and 255: Kaplan, Amy, 205n54 Katznelson, Ira
Page 258 and 259: N.W.A. (band), 161 N-word, as term,
Page 260 and 261: Red Cloud (Oglala Lakota leader), 6
Page 262 and 263: “The Souls of White Folk” (Du B
Page 264 and 265: Wheatley, Phillis, xxii, 8-10, 14,
Page 266 and 267: North and South American activists
Page 268 and 269: Dennis Banks and unknown woman at a
Page 270: Audience at a rally in support of D
Page 273: American Indian Movement member and
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