An Afro-Indigenous History of the United States

1. Billy-Ray Belcourt and Lindsay Nixon, “What Do We Mean by Queer Indigenous Ethics?,”
Canadian Art, May 23, 2018, https://canadianart.ca/features/what-do-we-mean-byqueerindigenousethics.
2. Audre Lorde, “Learning from the 60s,” in Sister Outsider (Berkeley, CA: Crossing Press, 2007),
136.
3. Lorde, “Learning from the 60s.”
4. Frances Mulraney, “White Female Protester Says Black Cops ‘Are Part of the Problem,’” Daily
Mail, June 25, 2020, https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-8457467/White-female-protester-tellsblack-cops-problem.html.
5. Baldwin, The Fire Next Time, 94.
6. Martin Luther King Jr., “Letter from a Birmingham Jail.” April 16, 1963,
https://www.africa.upenn.edu/Articles_Gen/Letter_Birmingham.html.
7. Steve Biko, “Black Souls in White Skins?,” in I Write What I Like, ed. Aelred Stubbs, C. R.
(New York: Harpers & Row, 1978), 23.
8. Stephanie E. Jones-Rogers, They Were Her Property: White Women as Slave Owners in the
American South (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2019).
9. Zoé Samudzi and William C. Anderson, Black as Resistance: Finding the Conditions for
Liberation (Chico, CA: AK Press, 2018), 24.
10. Leanne Betasamosake Simpson, “Indict the System: Indigenous & Black Resistance,”
November 29, 2014 (accessed 5 February 2020).
11. “World Conference Against Racism Opens in Durban,” Department of Public Information,
News and Media Services Division, August 31, 2001, https://www.un.org/WCAR/pressreleases/rdd13.html.
12. World Conference Against Racism, Racial Discrimination, Xenophobia, and Related
Tolerance, 2001, https://www.un.org/WCAR/durban.pdf.
13. World Conference against Racism, Racial Discrimination, 7.
14. Angela Y. Davis, Freedom Is a Constant Struggle: Ferguson, Palestine, and the Foundations
of a Movement, ed. Frank Barat (Chicago: Haymarket Books, 2016), 47.
15. Willard R. Johnson, “Wilma Mankiller Introductory Remarks,” in Exploring the Legacy and
Future of Black/Indian Relations (St. Paul, MN: 57th Annual National Congress of American
Indians, 2001), 1.
16. Johnson, “Wilma Mankiller Introductory Remarks,” 1.
17. Alfred L. Brophy, Reparations: Pro and Con (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006), 169–
70. To be clear, Brophy clearly offers detailed arguments regarding how reparations may or may not
work. For instance, how do we actually come to know who deserves reparations? As far as truth
commissions, how do we collectively determine what is the “truth”?
18. Sheryl Lightfoot, “Settler State Apologies to Indigenous Peoples: A Normative Framework
and Comparative Assessment,” NAIS Journal 2, no. 1 (2015): 17.
19. Lightfoot, “Settler State Apologies to Indigenous Peoples.”
20. “Resolution Supporting Community Reparations for Black Asheville,”
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1WKialVISWzu72mhasyy9SslDbVGMSJ5U/view, accessed March
26, 2021.
21. William A. Darity Jr. and A. Kirsten Mullen, From Here to Equality: Reparations for Black
Americans in the Twenty-First Century (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2020). See
chapter 13, “A Program for Black Reparations,” 256–70.
22. Darity and Mullen, From Here to Equality. See chapter 1, “A Political History of Black
America’s Reparations Movement,” 9–27.
23. Daina Ramey Berry, The Price for Their Pound of Flesh: The Value of the Enslaved, from
Womb to Grave, in the Building of a Nation (Boston: Beacon Press, 2017), 4–5.