An Afro-Indigenous History of the United States

CHAPTER 6. BLACK POWER AND RED POWER, FOR FREEDOM
AND SOVEREIGNTY
1. “The Third World,” Black Scholar 7, no. 9 (June 1976), cover page.
2. “The Third World.”
3. Jeffrey O. G. Ogbar, Black Power: Radical Politics and African American Identity (Baltimore:
Johns Hopkins University Press, 2004), 188.
4. Bradley Shreve, Red Power Rising: The National Indian Youth Council and the Origins of
Native Activism (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2011). See chapter 5, “‘The Time Comes
When We Must Take Action!’: The Fish-In Campaign and the Rise of Intertribal Direct Action,”
119–38. For a brief history of women’s roles in Red Power, see Donna Langston, “American Indian
Women’s Activism in the 1960s and 1970s,” Hypatia 18, no. 2 (Spring 2003): 114–32.
5. Paul Chaat Smith and Robert Warrior, Like a Hurricane: The American Indian Movement from
Alcatraz to Wounded Knee (Boston: South End Press, 1995), 135.
6. Smith and Warrior, Like a Hurricane.
7. For a history of the term “Black Power” and the movement, see Peniel Joseph, “The Black
Power Movement: A State of the Field,” Journal of American History 96, no. 3 (December 2009):
751–76.
8. Joseph, “The Black Power Movement,” 755.
9. Stokely Carmichael and Charles Hamilton, Black Power: The Politics of Liberation (New York:
Vintage Press, 1992), 44.
10. Vine Deloria Jr., Custer Died for Your Sins: An Indian Manifesto (New York: The Macmillan
Company, 1969), 172.
11. Deloria, Custer Died for Your Sins, 174.
12. Deloria, Custer Died for Your Sins, 180.
13. Deloria, Custer Died for Your Sins, 194.
14. Deloria, Custer Died for Your Sins, 198.
15. Simpson, “The Place Where We All Live and Work Together,” 19.
16. Donald P. Baker and Raul Ramirez, “Officials, Indians Parley on Protest,” Washington Post,
November 5, 1972.
17. Key Martin, Workers World, December 10, 1998, http://www.hartfordhwp.com/archives/45a/474.html.
18. “Wounded Knee,” New York Times, March 23, 1973.
19. Jack Burdock, “Angela Davis Hails Young Election, STRESS Abolition,” Detroit News,
February 25, 1974.
20. Emily F. Gibson, “Our Guardian Angels Is Black to the Bone,” Los Angeles Sentinel, April 5,
1973.
21. Reverend Curtis E. Burrell Jr., “The Black Indian,” Chicago Defender, April 5, 1973.
22. Imari Abubakari Obadele, Free the Land! The True Story of the RNA-11 in Mississippi and the
Continuing Struggle to Establish an Independent Black Nation in Five States of the Deep South
(Washington, DC: House of Songhay, 1984), 11.
23. Milton R. Henry, “An Independent Black Republic in North America,” in Black Separatism
and Social Reality: Rhetoric and Reason, ed. Raymond L. Hall (New York: Pergamon Press, 1977),
35.
24. The Cherokee Nation is one of the most studied Indigenous nations. I will not recount that
familiar story. But it is important to acknowledge that there are also Black-Cherokee relations that
Henry does not acknowledge, especially the subject of Cherokees enslaving Blacks. See Miles, Ties
That Bind; Miles, House on Diamond Hill; Naylor, African Cherokees in Indian Territory; Faye
Yarborough, Race and the Cherokee Nation: Sovereignty in the Nineteenth Century (Philadelphia:
University of Pennsylvania Press, 2008).
25. Henry, “An Independent Black Republic,” 33.