An Afro-Indigenous History of the United States

23. Robin D. G. Kelley, Race Rebels: Culture, Politics, and the Black Working Class (New York:
Free Press, 1994), 4–5. Kelley develops a conceptual way to understand Black working-class
resistance through the work of James C. Scott’s work on “hidden transcripts.” James C. Scott’s,
Weapons of the Weak: Everyday Forms of Peasant Resistance (New Haven, CT: Yale University
Press, 1985).
24. Robin D. G. Kelley, “‘We Are Not What We Seem’: Rethinking Black Working-Class
Opposition in the Jim Crow South,” Journal of American History 80, no. 1 (1993): 78.
25. For a history of birthright citizenship before the Fourteenth Amendment, see Martha S. Jones,
Birthright Citizens: A History of Race and Rights in Antebellum America (Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press, 2018). Throughout the nineteenth century, there were Black nationalists, especially
Martin Delany, who advocated for a “nation within a nation.” For primary sources and a brief
biography of Delany, see Robert S. Levine, ed., Martin R. Delany: A Documentary Reader (Chapel
Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2003).
26. Robin D. G. Kelley, Freedom Dreams: The Black Radical Imagination (Boston: Beacon Press,
2002), 17. Furthermore, Kelley contends that Exodus in the Black experience meant “dreams of
black self-determination, of being on our own, under our own rules and beliefs, developing our own
cultures, without interference.”
27. Carole E. Goldberg et al., American Indian Law: Native Nations and the Federal System:
Cases and Materials, 7th ed. (New Providence, NJ: LexisNexis, 2015); Keith Richotte Jr., Federal
Indian Law and Policy: An Introduction (St. Paul, MN: West Academic Publishing, 2020).
28. Gerald Vizenor, “Aesthetics of Survivance: Literary Theory and Practice,” in Survivance:
Narratives of Native Presence, ed. Vizenor (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2008), 1.
29. Leanne Simpson, Islands of Decolonial Love: Stories and Songs (Winnipeg, Manitoba: ARP
Books, 2013), 85.
30. Audre Lorde, “The Uses of Anger,” Women’s Studies Quarterly 25, nos. 1–2 (Spring–Summer
1997): 278–85.
CHAPTER 1. INDIGENOUS AFRICANS AND NATIVE AMERICANS
IN PREREVOLUTIONARY AMERICA
1. “The 1619 Project,” New York Times, August 14, 2019,
https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2019/08/14/magazine/1619-america-slavery.html.
2. Nikole Hannah-Jones, “The 1619 Project,” New York Times Magazine, August 18, 2019, 16.
3. “President Trump Remarks at White House History Conference,” C-SPAN, September 17, 2020,
https://www.c-span.org/video/?475934-1/president-trump-announces-1776-commission-restorepatriotic-education-nations-schools&fbclid=IwAR0wO3SiOhn5exWm48-hZeKsKdS5iP5d2SwbsZFsxi9CVaqqxGo2nytgdU.
4. Natalie Diaz, Twitter, August 15, 2019.
5. Terri Hansen, “How the Iroquois Great Law of Peace Shaped U.S. Democracy,” December 17,
2018, PBS, “Native America,” https://www.pbs.org/native-america/blogs/native-voices/how-theiroquois-great-law-of-peace-shaped-us-democracy.
6. Philip Deloria, Playing Indian (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1998), 185.
7. See for instance, Hortense J. Spillers, “Mama’s Baby, Papa’s Maybe: An American Grammar
Book,” Diacritics 17, no. 2 (Summer 1987): 64–81. Spillers offers a classic example of how Black
scholars have thought about the changes that Black people experienced from the continent through
the transatlantic slave trade. She calls this “an American grammar.” However, what is often missing
from Black studies and also Native studies is the recognition that these were Indigenous peoples with
cultures, homeland, and community. Spillers writes, “The massive demographic shifts, the violent
formation of a modern African consciousness, that take place on the sub-Saharan Continent during