An Afro-Indigenous History of the United States

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BEACON PRESS Boston, Massachusetts www.beacon.org Beacon Press books are published under the auspices of the Unitarian Universalist Association of Congregations. ’ 2021 by Kyle T. Mays All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America 24 23 22 21 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Text design and composition by Kim Arney Beacon Press’s ReVisioning American History series consists of accessibly written books by notable scholars that reconstruct and reinterpret US history from diverse perspectives. An earlier version of a portion of chapter 4 was previously published as “Transnational Progressivism: African Americans, Native Americans, and the Universal Races Congress of 1911,” American Indian Quarterly 37, no. 3 (2013). Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Name: Mays, Kyle, author. Title: An Afro-Indigenous history of the United States / Kyle T. Mays. Description: Boston : Beacon Press, [2021] | Series: Revisioning American history | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2021020880 (print) | LCCN 2021020881 (ebook) | ISBN ISBN 9780807011683 (hardcover) | ISBN 9780807011713 (ebook) Subjects: LCSH: African Americans—Relations with Indians. | African Americans—Race identity. | Indians of North America—Mixed descent. | Indians of North America—Ethnic identity | United States—Race relations. | United States—History. Classification: LCC E98.R28 M39 2021 (print) | LCC E98.R28 (ebook) | DDC 973/.0496073—dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2021020880 LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2021020881
Page 4 and 5: PRAISE FOR AN AFRO-INDIGENOUS HISTO
Page 6: REVISIONING HISTORY SERIES A Queer
Page 11 and 12: CONTENTS Author’s Note INTRODUCTI
Page 13 and 14: AUTHOR’S NOTE I AM WRITING this b
Page 15 and 16: nationalist project such as the Uni
Page 17 and 18: An AFRO-INDIGENOUS HISTORY of the U
Page 19 and 20: there is much more beyond that part
Page 21 and 22: and sustained the empire of cotton
Page 23 and 24: G. Kelley have called “‘New Wor
Page 25 and 26: afforded them citizenship. 25 Some
Page 27 and 28: Paul Cuffe, the former kidnapped an
Page 29 and 30: CHAPTER ONE INDIGENOUS AFRICANS AND
Page 31 and 32: people see Indigenous people as hav
Page 33 and 34: land appeared on the horizon—befo
Page 35 and 36: order to communicate, surely as a w
Page 37 and 38: people viewed Africans’ “dark s
Page 39 and 40: In response to these killings, and
Page 41 and 42: Black sentiment in the late eightee
Page 43 and 44: Attucks almost certainly interacted
Page 45 and 46: CHAPTER TWO ANTIBLACKNESS, SETTLER
Page 47 and 48: Indigenous” meant the opposite. A
Page 49 and 50: White people are fragile. Their ego
Page 51 and 52: “He has excited domestic insurrec
Page 53 and 54: It is interesting to note that Jeff
Page 55 and 56: enslavement), wrote, “[The Europe
Page 57 and 58:
shortsighted, even dehumanizing. If
Page 59 and 60:
I’m going to the nation, Going to
Page 61 and 62:
esistance to obtain their freedom a
Page 63 and 64:
Some Black folks was trippin’! Wh
Page 65 and 66:
In the early part of the nineteenth
Page 67 and 68:
quite a claim: that all of the land
Page 69 and 70:
With coward design, Have dared with
Page 71 and 72:
allowed that “[Natives] may, with
Page 73 and 74:
Nothing frightened white America, e
Page 75 and 76:
ordeal of slavery managed to surviv
Page 77 and 78:
(1845). Douglass wrote in his Narra
Page 79 and 80:
any other race is wholly civilized
Page 81 and 82:
efore either. He stands today betwe
Page 83 and 84:
CHAPTER FOUR BLACK AND INDIGENOUS (
Page 85 and 86:
Some whites did not want only to ex
Page 87 and 88:
However, in its content and general
Page 89 and 90:
knowing, she made sure to explain t
Page 91 and 92:
Similar to other Progressive Era or
Page 93 and 94:
political philosophy. The UNIA, und
Page 95 and 96:
Eastman was influenced by the US na
Page 97 and 98:
At the time of the URC, though, Du
Page 99 and 100:
Although Eastman held no formal pos
Page 101 and 102:
and what a civilization that purpor
Page 103 and 104:
URC had even greater implications.
Page 105 and 106:
problems that Black people faced. O
Page 107 and 108:
working within the system versus cr
Page 109 and 110:
had it worse than Native folks, it
Page 111 and 112:
highlighted the importance of freed
Page 113 and 114:
not overlook another form of racism
Page 115 and 116:
White as the dropping of snow. They
Page 117 and 118:
psychological wage for being white,
Page 119 and 120:
Jews. “Today, all these immigrant
Page 121 and 122:
consumption, to grow the domestic m
Page 123 and 124:
American, French, and Russian Revol
Page 125 and 126:
thinking was responsible for a gene
Page 127 and 128:
he wrote, “The black and brown an
Page 129 and 130:
and Being (2016), “At stake is no
Page 131 and 132:
to how he viewed Black Americans in
Page 133 and 134:
within the context of the travesty
Page 135 and 136:
CHAPTER SIX BLACK POWER AND RED POW
Page 137 and 138:
The discourse of Black Power and Re
Page 139 and 140:
it over, and retrieved thousands of
Page 141 and 142:
It is difficult to know how much th
Page 143 and 144:
peoples. Native people were very mu
Page 145 and 146:
poor people in each place. At the i
Page 147 and 148:
they awaited a decision on whether
Page 149 and 150:
Movement. He spoke of the racism th
Page 151 and 152:
a home, she was also highlighting a
Page 153 and 154:
proclaiming it in June 1966, in Gre
Page 155 and 156:
Settler colonialism functions to im
Page 157 and 158:
in Lusaka, Zambia—sent a “pledg
Page 159 and 160:
of racial capitalism and the prolif
Page 161 and 162:
status, and influence, it is possib
Page 163 and 164:
Cultural appropriation in Black and
Page 165 and 166:
“Indian,” and some Native peopl
Page 167 and 168:
first thought was, “Why do white-
Page 169 and 170:
used as the cover of Paper magazine
Page 171 and 172:
Hooks presents for us an opportunit
Page 173 and 174:
clunky but decent lines and referri
Page 175 and 176:
In spite of this research, there is
Page 177 and 178:
n****r lover or any variation. Alth
Page 179 and 180:
writing the op-ed. While the team,
Page 181 and 182:
Of course, Twitter exploded with cr
Page 183 and 184:
solidarity looks like, and also ill
Page 185 and 186:
We should be outraged but never be
Page 187 and 188:
This is an important way to realloc
Page 189 and 190:
affirmation of Black folks’ human
Page 191 and 192:
which nationalism has become a para
Page 193 and 194:
come together for radical transform
Page 195 and 196:
also talking to white women, the Be
Page 197 and 198:
it. It was significant that the gov
Page 199 and 200:
Achebe’s book is taught in high s
Page 201 and 202:
and/or the present. Second, the sta
Page 203 and 204:
members argue that ADOS deserves re
Page 205 and 206:
not forget that Indigenous Black So
Page 207 and 208:
the dignity of all oppressed people
Page 209 and 210:
to US democracy. Finally, I don’t
Page 211 and 212:
POSTSCRIPT SOVEREIGNTY AND CITIZENS
Page 213 and 214:
emind people that the US government
Page 215 and 216:
Affairs to approve amendments to th
Page 217 and 218:
could be enrolled as citizens. 5 I
Page 219 and 220:
your laughs over food and general c
Page 221 and 222:
NOTES AUTHOR’S NOTE 1. For a hist
Page 223 and 224:
23. Robin D. G. Kelley, Race Rebels
Page 225 and 226:
cross/history/who-led-the-1st-back-
Page 227 and 228:
9. Claud Anderson, Black Labor, Whi
Page 229 and 230:
women, positioned at the center of
Page 231 and 232:
34. Equal Justice Initiative, Lynch
Page 233 and 234:
36. Leanne Betasamosake Simpson,
Page 235 and 236:
26. For histories on this terminati
Page 237 and 238:
70. Simon Anekwe, “Fight for Ance
Page 239 and 240:
CHAPTER 8. THE MATTER OF BLACK AND
Page 241 and 242:
24. Ta-Nehisi Coates, “The Case f
Page 243 and 244:
PHOTO CREDITS Pages 1-4: Photos by
Page 245 and 246:
American Descendants of Slavery (AD
Page 247 and 248:
Black supremacy, 94. See also Black
Page 249 and 250:
cross-burning, 78, 80. See also pol
Page 251 and 252:
Foerster, Werner, 125 Foner, Eric,
Page 253 and 254:
Indigenous Americans. See Native Am
Page 255 and 256:
Logan, Beeman, 120 Logan, Rayford,
Page 257 and 258:
143, 145; Dakota Access Pipeline pr
Page 259 and 260:
political entrepreneurs, 206n67 Pon
Page 261 and 262:
Scott, Harriet, 42 Scott-Heron, Gil
Page 263 and 264:
tribal sovereignty. See sovereignty
Page 265 and 266:
Civil rights activist Kwame Ture (f
Page 267 and 268:
Dennis Banks and Harry Belafonte at
Page 269 and 270:
Russell Means and Dennis Banks duri
Page 272 and 273:
Angela Davis, right, walks with Ore
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An Afro-Indigenous History of the United States

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