An Afro-Indigenous History of the United States

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15. Abaki Beck, “Rendered Invisible: Pocahontas Is Not a Sex Symbol,” Bitch Media, November 20, 2017, https://www.bitchmedia.org/article/nicki-minaj-pocahontas-is-not-a-sex-symbol. 16. Patricia Hill Collins and Sirma Bilge, Intersectionality (Key Concepts) (Cambridge: Polity, 2016), 26. 17. Collins and Bilge, Intersectionality (Key Concepts), 27. 18. bell hooks, “Selling Hot Pussy: Representations of Black Female Sexuality in the Cultural Marketplace,” in Black Looks: Race and Representation (Boston: South End Press, 1992), 65. Interestingly enough, the cover of the original edition features a photo of a Native person, used by permission from William Loren Katz, author of Black Indians: A Hidden Heritage. 19. Safiya Umoja Noble, Algorithms of Oppression: How Search Engines Reinforce Racism (New York: New York University Press, 2017), 17. 20. David E. Kirkland, “Black Masculine Language,” in The Oxford Handbook of African American Language (2015), ed. Jennifer Bloomquist, Lisa J. Green, and Sonja Lanehart, https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199795390.013.43. 21. Geneva Smitherman, “‘A New Way of Talkin’: Language, Social Change, and Political Theory,” in Talkin That Talk: Language, Culture, and Education in African America (New York: Routledge, 1999), 94. 22. NAACP, “The ‘N’ Word Is Laid to Rest by the NAACP,” press release, July 9, 2007, https://www.naacp.org/latest/the-n-word-is-laid-to-rest-by-the-naacp. 23. Geneva Smitherman, Word from the Mother: Language and African Americans (New York: Routledge, 2006), 51. 24. Cornel West, Tavis Smiley, and Michael Eric Dyson, N Word, Never Forget: A Journey of Revelations (Hidden Beach Recordings, 2007). 25. Smitherman, Word from the Mother, 52. 26. Erica Tempesta and Valerie Siebert, “Native American Men and Women Respond to ‘Thanksgiving,’ ‘Redskin,’ and Christopher Columbus,” Daily Mail, November 26, 2015, https://www.dailymail.co.uk/femail/article-3334208/It-massacre-Native-Americans-reveal-REALLYfeel-Thanksgiving-stereotypes-branding-Christopher-Columbus-terrorist-America.html. 27. John Keim, “How the Events of 2020 Forced the Washington NFL Team’s Name Change,” ESPN.com, July 14, 2020, https://www.espn.com/nfl/story/_/id/29460299/how-events-2020-forcedwashington-nfl-team-name-change. 28. Bernice P. Jackson, “Chief Wahoo Must Go,” New Pittsburgh Courier, May 20, 2000. 29. Alex Reimer, “The Story Behind Bomani Jones’ ‘Caucasians’ Shirt,” Forbes, April 7, 2016, https://www.forbes.com/sites/alexreimer/2016/04/09/the-story-behind-bomani-jones-caucasianshirt/#6853d83c4e26. 30. Erik Brady, “Daniel Snyder Says Redskins Will Never Change Name,” USA Today, May 9, 2013, https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/nfl/redskins/2013/05/09/washington-redskins-danielsnyder/2148127. 31. Brady, “Daniel Snyder Says Redskins.” 32. Desus and Mero, “Racist Blackhawks Fan,” YouTube, February 21, 2018, https://youtu.be/t7EE3PPUHP8, accessed March 25, 2021. 33. Tarik El-Bashier, “Blackhawks Fans Tossed After Directing Racist Remarks at Washington’s Smith-Pelly,” NBC Sports, February 18, 2018, https://www.nbcsports.com/washington/capitals/blackhawks-fans-tossed-after-directing-racistremarks-washingtons-smith-pelly. 34. Desus and Mero, “Racist Blackhawks Fan.” 35. Frantz Fanon, The Wretched of the Earth (New York: Grove Press, 2004), 179.
CHAPTER 8. THE MATTER OF BLACK AND INDIGENOUS LIVES, POLICING, AND JUSTICE 1. Carolyn Smith-Morris, “Addressing the Epidemic of Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women and Girls,” Cultural Survival, March 6, 2020, https://www.culturalsurvival.org/news/addressingepidemic-missing-murdered-indigenous-women-and-girls. 2. Eliza Racine, “Native Lives Matter: The Overlooked Police Brutality Against Native Americans,” Lakota Law Project, November 21, 2017, https://www.lakotalaw.org/news/2017-11- 21/native-lives-matter-the-overlooked-police-brutality-against-native-american. 3. Frantz Fanon, The Wretched of the Earth (New York: Grove Press, 2004), 31. The important point here is that violence encompasses the entire existence of Black and Indigenous peoples. 4. Rishma Dhaliwal, “Knowledge Session: Democracy Is Hypocrisy,” Iamhiphopmagazine, March 21, 2015, https://www.iamhiphopmagazine.com/knowledge-session-democracy-is-hypocrisy-bymalcolm-x. 5. “The People’s Budget LA: Los Angeles 2020–2021,” https://peoplesbudgetla.files.wordpress.com/2020/05/peoplesbudgetreport_may26.pdf. 6. Sam Levin, “What Does ‘Defund the Police’ Mean? The Rallying Cry Sweeping the US— Explained,” The Guardian, June 6, 2020, https://www.theguardian.com/usnews/2020/jun/05/defunding-the-police-us-what-does-it-mean. This article documents several organizations who try other methods of public safety intervention instead of using the police. 7. “The Peoples Budget LA,” 2. 8. Metropolitan Urban Indian Directors, “MUID Statement Regarding the Police Killing of George Floyd,” May 27, 2020, https://muidmn.org/georgefloyd. 9. “Herstory,” Black Lives Matter website, https://blacklivesmatter.com/herstory, accessed June 6, 2020. See also Patrisse Khan-Cullors, Asha bandele, and Angela Davis, When They Call You a Terrorist: A Black Lives Matter Memoir (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2018). 10. Barbara Ransby, Making All Black Lives Matter: Reimagining Freedom in the Twenty-First Century (Oakland: University of California Press, 2018), 3–4. As Ransby points out, this movement is decidedly different from those of the past. It centers intersectionality and highlights the voices of Black queer, trans, and women as central to the movement. 11. Marc Lamont Hill, Nobody: Casualties of America’s War on the Vulnerable, from Ferguson to Flint and Beyond (New York: Atria Books, 2016). Hill argues that “to be Nobody is to be vulnerable” (xvii) and “abandoned by the state” (xix). 12. Elise Hansen, “The Forgotten Minority in Police Shootings,” CNN, November 13, 2017, https://www.cnn.com/2017/11/10/us/native-lives-matter/index.html. 13. For a report on Native Americans and police brutality see the Lakota People’s Law Project, https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/lakota-peoples-law/uploads/Native-Lives-Matter-PDF.pdf. Although they don’t offer a genealogy of the phrase, they detail the police violence experienced by Native people and offer some recommendations for change. 14. African American Policy Forum, “#SayHerName,” https://aapf.org/sayhername (accessed July 22, 2020). 15. Angela Y. Davis and Elizabeth Martinez, “Coalition Building Among People of Color,” in The Angela Y. Davis Reader, ed. Joy James (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 1998), 299. 16. Lightfoot, Global Indigenous Politics, 200. 17. See Mehrsa Baradaran, “The Decoy of Black Capitalism,” in The Color of Money: Black Banks and the Racial Wealth Gap (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2017), 187–214. CONCLUSION: THE POSSIBILITIES FOR AFRO-INDIGENOUS FUTURES
Page 4 and 5:
PRAISE FOR AN AFRO-INDIGENOUS HISTO
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REVISIONING HISTORY SERIES A Queer
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To Liseth, El Don, ChiChi
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CHAPTER SEVEN Black and Indigenous
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Indigenous people in our collective
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and places. In fact, the whole book
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INTRODUCTION Thousands of volumes h
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RECONNECTING DISCONNECTED HISTORIES
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solidarity between Black and white
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important to understand how the whi
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Indigenous peoples have sought ways
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need both movements, as both are he
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Some established (mostly white male
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meeting between a variety of Indige
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Atlantic Diaspora Connections (2009
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During every Black History Month in
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consciousness, and to a considerabl
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PAUL CUFFE Perhaps one of the earli
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Afro-Indigenous peoples in the Unit
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antiblackness. Finally, these exper
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America. There was so much we cover
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president-general and another counc
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the dehumanization of Native people
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On March 4, 1801, Jefferson, during
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lasting in its impact than that wit
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The Native person could not truly e
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CHAPTER THREE ENSLAVEMENT, DISPOSSE
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local autonomy—Reconstruction cha
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unpleasant, but we must try and com
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Choctaw owned 14 percent and the Cr
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surpassed those predecessors by per
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eaders to reconsider the role of In
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a time they moved back to Wisconsin
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white people were interested in rem
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of their resistance to white encroa
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liberation and women’s rights. Ty
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covered numerous topics in the spee
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commit the same sin that the nation
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had to change. They could no longer
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Still, Native people continued to s
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government’s boarding schools and
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civilization and its so-called virt
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function of the National Associatio
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treatment with white men, . . . [th
Page 94 and 95:
In the post-Garvey era, after the U
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learned about the prolific and viol
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Eastman likely participated in the
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Du Bois’s paper offered a broad s
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and men to assert their right to ci
Page 104 and 105:
CHAPTER FIVE BLACK AMERICANS AND NA
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gap we have today, are rooted in ea
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Black Americans remembered this Ind
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legacies have been tainted. People
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Here, King describes the root of ra
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working as a collective to achieve
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egistered in Mississippi. She helpe
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surprising if she did. The Choctaw
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understand history, how they practi
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indeed fought in every war since th
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US, given that the US was not Black
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Malcolm understood well the connect
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me think in terms of American’s i
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In the following scene in the docum
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the land, isn’t four hundred year
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For the majority of white Americans
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this growing unity is the best assu
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with hardly any people of color wil
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did their best to understand how th
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“It was not until Malcolm X came
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lived there. What about their claim
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and operates under a racist and imm
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oth deeply invested in Black civil
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challenge the assumed authority of
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Committee. BWLC, with Frances Beal
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international monopoly finance capi
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Conference on Indigenous Peoples an
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awarded until 2011, and discontinue
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CHAPTER SEVEN BLACK AND INDIGENOUS
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practices and incorporate them into
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e performing minstrelsy without eve
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influenced by racist oppression, th
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Beyond the specifics of this incide
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acism and sexism, as well as across
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there is hardly any chance in hell
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For example, in July 2007, in Detro
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No one wants to be a r*dsk*n. It is
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even absurdly funny. The use of the
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was trying to make. Jones responded
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Desus sarcastically adds, “How ca
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CHAPTER EIGHT THE MATTER OF BLACK A
Page 186 and 187:
Indigenous and Latinx police, “sh
Page 188 and 189: protester and getting hit with them
Page 190 and 191: Native people’s use of tropes, sl
Page 192 and 193: CONCLUSION THE POSSIBILITIES FOR AF
Page 194 and 195: “they are the problem” and tell
Page 196 and 197: oppression and white supremacy. . .
Page 198 and 199: movements.” 14 We can learn from
Page 200 and 201: est to acknowledge the importance o
Page 202 and 203: Ta-Nehisi Coates’s fantastic arti
Page 204 and 205: possible. Our imaginations, coupled
Page 206 and 207: to people of African descent. I don
Page 208 and 209: 2. You know how Indigenous Nations
Page 210 and 211: they treated? We should instead cen
Page 212 and 213: Indigenousness are not so different
Page 214 and 215: maintain African enslavement. For n
Page 216 and 217: opposed to her likely believe that
Page 218 and 219: ACKNOWLEDGMENTS YOU DON‘T WRITE a
Page 220 and 221: Emory University. Thank you to the
Page 222 and 223: 5. Patrick Wolfe, Traces of History
Page 224 and 225: the initiative strikes which open t
Page 226 and 227: 13. Thomas Jefferson, Notes on the
Page 228 and 229: 28. Robert Dale Parker, ed., The So
Page 230 and 231: 8. Andrew Woolford, This Benevolent
Page 232 and 233: 6. Malinda Maynor Lowery, The Lumbe
Page 234 and 235: CHAPTER 6. BLACK POWER AND RED POWE
Page 236 and 237: 47. William H. McClendon, “The Bl
Page 240 and 241: 1. Billy-Ray Belcourt and Lindsay N
Page 242 and 243: Name: The Harmful Consequences of P
Page 244 and 245: INDEX Please note that page numbers
Page 246 and 247: Beck, Abaki, 143, 144 The Beginning
Page 248 and 249: Chicago Defender (publication), 76,
Page 250 and 251: Dyson, Michael Eric, 140, 149 Eagle
Page 252 and 253: Hamilton, Charles, 110 Hampton, Fre
Page 254 and 255: Kaplan, Amy, 205n54 Katznelson, Ira
Page 256 and 257: Metacomet (chief), 60 Metropolitan
Page 258 and 259: N.W.A. (band), 161 N-word, as term,
Page 260 and 261: Red Cloud (Oglala Lakota leader), 6
Page 262 and 263: “The Souls of White Folk” (Du B
Page 264 and 265: Wheatley, Phillis, xxii, 8-10, 14,
Page 266 and 267: North and South American activists
Page 268 and 269: Dennis Banks and unknown woman at a
Page 270: Audience at a rally in support of D
Page 273: American Indian Movement member and
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