An Afro-Indigenous History of the United States

cross/history/who-led-the-1st-back-to-africa-effort, accessed July 15, 2019.
32. Lamont D. Thomas, Rise to Be a People: A Biography of Paul Cuffe (Urbana: University of
Illinois Press, 1986), 3.
33. See, for instance, Woodson, “The Relations of Negroes and Indians in Massachusetts,” 45–57.
Woodson wrote on the variety of tribal nations who interacted with Black folks in the eighteenth and
nineteenth centuries. However, he accepts the belief that Native people then disappeared. See also
Johnston, “Documentary Evidence of the Relations of Negroes and Indians,” 21–43.
34. Jean M. O’Brien, Dispossession by Degrees: Indian Land and Identity in Natick,
Massachusetts, 1650–1790 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997).
35. “The Brig Traveller, Lately Arrived at Liverpool, from Sierra Leone, Is Perhaps the First
Vessel Ever,” Times, August 2, 1811.
36. Sinha, The Slave’s Cause, 162–63. Sinha writes that Cuffe’s wife, Alice Pequit, a Wampanoag,
like his mother, “had refused to relocate to Africa” (163). It made sense because that was not her
homeland. While she had her reasons, it also reveals, perhaps, another conflict: that she could not
fathom the antiblackness that Cuffe experienced throughout his life.
37. Thomas King, The Inconvenient Indian: A Curious Account of Native People in North America
(Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2013), 3.
38. Mitch Kachun, First Martyr of Liberty: Crispus Attucks in American Memory (New York:
Oxford University Press, 2017), 8. Kachun does a wonderful job of explaining how a variety of
actors have used and memorialized the life of Attucks, from the American Revolution to the New
Negro and up into the present.
39. Kachun, First Martyr of Liberty, 227–28.
40. Kachun, First Martyr of Liberty, 15.
41. “Boston Massacre Engraving by Paul Revere,” Paul Revere Heritage Project, http://www.paulrevere-heritage.com/boston-massacre-engraving.html
(accessed May 28, 2020).
42. Cheryl Harris, “Whiteness as Property,” Harvard Law Review 106, no. 8 (1993): 1710–91.
CHAPTER 2. ANTIBLACKNESS, SETTLER COLONIALISM, AND
THE US DEMOCRATIC PROJECT
1. Harris, “Whiteness as Property,” 1720.
2. Harris, “Whiteness as Property,” 21.
3. Aziz Rana, The Two Faces of American Freedom (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press,
2010), 3.
4. Rana, The Two Faces of American Freedom, 3.
5. House Concurrent Resolution 331, 100th Cong., 2nd Sess. (1988).
6. Robin DiAngelo, White Fragility: Why It’s So Hard for White People to Talk About Racism
(Boston: Beacon Press, 2018), 2.
7. Nawal Arjini, “Ishmael Reed Tries to Undo the Damage ‘Hamilton’ Has Wrought,” The Nation,
June 3, 2019, https://www.thenation.com/article/archive/ishmael-reed-haunting-of-lin-manuelmiranda-hamilton-play-review.
8. “The Federalist Papers: No. 24,” The Avalon Project, Yale Law School,
https://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/fed24.asp.
9. US Declaration of Independence, http://www.ushistory.org/declaration/document/ (accessed
September 3, 2019).
10. Anthony F. C. Wallace, Jefferson and the Indians: The Tragic Fate of the First Americans
(Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University, 1999), viii.
11. Wallace, Jefferson and the Indians, 18.
12. Thomas Jefferson, “Thomas Jefferson First Inaugural Address,” March 4, 1801,
https://avalon.law.yale.edu/19th_century/jefinau1.asp (accessed May 23, 2020).