Enron Corp. - University of California | Office of The President

A. General
INVOLVEMENT OF THE BANKS
642. Wall Street underwriters play an extremely important – indeed indispensable role –
in protecting investors in public companies and ensuring that public companies and those associated
with public companies comply with their obligations of full, fair and complete disclosure when
selling securities to the public.
By associating himself with a proposed offering, an underwriter impliedly represents
that he has made such an investigation in accordance with professional standards.
Investors properly rely on this added protection which has a direct bearing on their
appraisal of the reliability of the representations in the prospectus. The
underwriter who does not make a reasonable investigation is derelict in his
responsibilities to deal fairly with the investing public.
In re Richmond Corp., 41 SEC 398, 406 (1963). In Chris-Craft Indus. v. Piper Aircraft Corp., 480
F.2d 341, 370 (2d Cir. 1973), the Second Circuit stated:
Self-regulation is the mainspring of the federal securities laws. No greater
reliance in our self-regulatory system is placed on any single participant in the
issuance of securities than upon the underwriter. He is most heavily relied upon
to verify published materials because of his expertise in appraising the securities
issue and the issuer, and because of his incentive to do so. He is familiar with the
process of investigating the business condition of a company and possesses extensive
resources for doing so. Since he often has a financial stake in the issue, he has a
special motive thoroughly to investigate the issuer's strengths and weaknesses.
Prospective investors look to the underwriter – a fact well known to all concerned
and especially to the underwriter – to pass on the soundness of the security and the
correctness of the registration statement and prospectus.
In Escott v. Barchris Constr. Corp., 283 F. Supp. 643, 697 (S.D.N.Y. 1968), the court emphasized
the importance of independent verification by underwriters:
The purpose of Section 11 is to protect investors. To that end the
underwriters are made responsible for the truth of the prospectus. If they may escape
that responsibility by taking at face value representations made to them by the
company's management, then the inclusion of underwriters among those liable under
Section 11 affords the investors no additional protection. To effectuate the statute's
purpose, the phrase "reasonable investigation" must be construed to require more
effort on the part of the underwrites than the mere accurate reporting in the
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