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19~ person .' ro infuse 5uspicions, to kindle or contlnu€: disputr~;, :', Ayert the favour and esteem of benefactors fr·\jm their dependants, to render some one whom \~·e dislike C011temptible or obnoxic:us in the public opinion, are all offices of slander ; of which the guilt must be measured by the intensity and extent of 'the misery produced. The disguises under which slander is cc,nveyed, whether jn a whisper, "lith injunctions of secrecy, by way of caution, or \\ith afiect~ reluctance~ are all so many aggravations of the offence, as they indicate more deliberation and de~ign. Inconsideratt slander is a different offence, although the same mischief actually follow, and· although the mischief might have been foreseen. The not being conscious of that design, \,.. hich 've ha'-e hitherto attributed to the slanderer, makes ~he difference. The guilt here consists in the want of that regard to the consequet!ces of our conduct, 1\-hich a just affection for human happiness, and conCl:rn for our duty, WGuid not have failed to have produced in us~ P1Ild it is ne answer to this crimination to say, that we entertained no evil desiglz. A servant may be a very bad servant, and yet seldom or never d,"sign to act in opposition to his master's interest or wi)l ; and his master may ju~tly PUIlish such a servant for a thoughtlessness and neglect nearly as prejudicial as deliberate disobedience. I accuse you not, he may say, of any express intention to hurt me; but had not the fear of my displeasure, the care of nly interest, and indeed all the qualities Wllich constitute the Jnerit of a good servant" been wcmting in you, they would nui oniy haye exclGded every direct purpose of giving nle uneasiness, but hav'e been SD far present to your thoughts, as to have checked that unguarded licentiousn~ss, by 1I.vhicl1 I have suifer('d so Inuch, and inspired you in its place with an habitual solici. tude about the effects and tendency of what y~u did rJr said. 'I'11is \·cry Inllch resembles tIle case of all
Slander, 19S sins of inconsideration ; and, amongst the foremost of these, that of illconsiderate slander. Information communicated for the real purpose of warning, or cautioning, is not slander. Indiscriminate praise is the opposite of slander, but it is the opposite extreIIle; and, however it may affect to be thought excess of candour, is com· monly the effusion of a frivolous understanding, or proceeds from a settled contempt of all .moral .distinctions~
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PRINCIPLES OP MOlUL AND POLITICAL P
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[ iv ] to advance the discovery, co
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[ vi ] tion, with '\vhich the grati
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PREFACE. IN the treatises that I ha
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I'ltEF AC 'f:. . Xl planations whic
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RFYACE. Inanner may be P.elt~ .. fj
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PREFACE. eci ; l'l('r 2 tllat i~ !i
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CON'T EN'1S. BOOK I. PR~LIMI NARY C
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BOOK III. PART III.-Of R!:LATIVE DU
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$ 5= If BOOK I. r == Preliminary Co
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The LlrdJ of the Ltmd. 25 Whereas e
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The Scriptures .. 27 gence and comp
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The Moral Sen.re'. Now the question
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The Moral Sense. 31 have been set u
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The Moral Sense. 53 Another conside
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Htl11llJR HoppineJ~. 58 sages of wh
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HU~lan HappitlclI. 37 the pleasures
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IIlilJZan Ilappincsse 39 ~tullious
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Hunlon Happine;fs. 41 makes no diff
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IJunlon IItIPpil1CSJ. It scr:-ins t
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HlU1f!an Happiness. 45 than what is
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Human Happiness. 3ame sum of money:
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Virtue. 49 Towards God; as piety, r
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Virtue. 5i might not indulge his hu
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59 a just economy I)f Providence, t
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Tr· ~ Irlue". \vhich 113th ten tal
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Moral Obliglltitm. 57 (as will appe
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M ol'al Obligation. 59 CHAPTER III.
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The Willo/'God. .61 -I work. The_~f
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The Divine Benevolence. The llletho
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The Divine Bene'Voiente. 65 the use
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LTtiJity. 67 and pe9ury; or ~ust j
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The Necessity oJGeneral Rules. i,9
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General Come'luetlces pursued. 71 j
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Of Right • . Frf'm the principles
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The Division of Rights. 75 with the
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------ ."-~ ....... ___ .i --- ____
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The Djtt'isi~n of Rights. 79 him th
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The General Rights of 1Jfankind. 81
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The General Rights of Mankind. 83 c
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The General Rightl oj M4itHnJ. 85 w
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. " . • BOOK III . Relative D ttt
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Institution of Properly. .9 this so
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The History oj Property. 91 the sec
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PrDperty in Land. 98 neighbourhood,
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Property in Land. 95 these accounts
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Pronziscs. 97 rice of the demand up
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Pronlises. 99 interve" ~jon of prom
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Promises 101 you must gu~rd YOt'r e
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ProT/lises. lOS whatever she asked,
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Promises. 105 their obligation; for
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PrOiiliscs. 107 both pClrties; and
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Contracls. 109 made. The few instan
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i1i ranit in the thing to be sold,
Page 109 and 110:
Contracts of Hazard. 11 g exception
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Contracts of Lending, Ufc. 115 hims
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Contracts concerning the Lending Gl
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Lending of Mone'y' 119 It is a ques
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Lending 'J/ JJfoney 121 JYdts it ou
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Service. 123 Clerks and apprentices
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Commissions. 125 them that are your
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C'OlnnlisJ ions, 127 !ies at the ti
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1~9 l)c diminished, by this rule B
Page 127 and 128:
J,~ O./fices. lSI every duty, which
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( ~. . f 1" .) h- h Ie h· t l:crt?
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Lies. IS5 Nice distinctions are OUt
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• Olllhs. 137 .£.. mongst the Gr
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Oaths. 189 great King; neither shal
Page 137 and 138: 14-1 knowledge, power, and justit~,
Page 139 and 140: Ooth if Alltgill1W. ~quaint~--d ; b
Page 141 and 142: 145 , 1 Y happens in despotic gover
Page 143 and 144: 14-7 Jr for my use 2nd benefit, dir
Page 145 and 146: Oath against Sim1n)'. 14-9 - ... .-
Page 147 and 148: SltbjcripliolU to Articles of Rdigi
Page 149 and 150: ISS ~Jr between the teachers and th
Page 151 and 152: Wills. }55 man make his will, devis
Page 153 and 154: -7-· •• $';' liiI. ;nay b~ equ
Page 155 and 156: ·'. i t - -- BOOK III. 3 p- .Relat
Page 157 and 158: Slavery. 161 that good usage is thr
Page 159 and 160: Sil/r;)cry. 163 after all, what is
Page 161 and 162: Professional Assiltonte. 165 oirgum
Page 163 and 164: p&cunillT] Bounll. CHAPTER v. CHARI
Page 165 and 166: PctUrJaTl Bounll· 169 pitiating th
Page 167 and 168: Pecunia'), Bounty. 1 '71 benefactor
Page 169 and 170: Pecuniary BOllnty. 173 s~~th in sec
Page 171 and 172: Pecuniary Bounty. i7S 5. " 'I'hat t
Page 173 and 174: 177- It becomes sinful, or contradi
Page 175 and 176: Re1Je11gc. 179 I say this~ and you
Page 177 and 178: Revenge. 181 fi·om us a vote to wh
Page 179 and 180: Duelling. 183 ..,irtue itself: The
Page 181 and 182: Duel/ing. 18:5 1n return, I forbear
Page 183 and 184: LitigaticlZ. 187 whilst others desp
Page 185 and 186: Graljttide~ 189 ;OU5 00 ~ks or pict
Page 187: i91 CHAPTER XII. SLANDER. SPEAKING
Page 191 and 192: 1. The private comfort of individua
Page 193 and 194: lornicatiott. ]-97 .,.,ho infest po
Page 195 and 196: Fornication. 199 the danger of grea
Page 197 and 198: Seduct;~n. 201 mischief from so mea
Page 199 and 200: 20S As a woman collects her virtue
Page 201 and 202: Adultery- AU behaviour, which is de
Page 203 and 204: Adultery. to accuse him before the
Page 205 and 206: POlyg411lY· 209 wit.hin three degr
Page 207 and 208: Polygamy. 211 they may be likely to
Page 209 and 210: Of DifJOrte. 21S The ancient Med~s
Page 211 and 212: Of Divorce. 21S ~uring the jodit li
Page 213 and 214: Of DifJorte. ~17 of personal imbeci
Page 215 and 216: Of D jvorcc. 219 and her marrying a
Page 217 and 218: Marriage. 221 CHAPTER VIII. MARRIAG
Page 219 and 220: Marriage. institution, or the plain
Page 221 and 222: Duty of Parents. 225 Ination of the
Page 223 and 224: DUly of Parents 227 that the parent
Page 225 and 226: Duty of P arenls. 229 ifying, if no
Page 227 and 228: DUly of PaTenll. 231 .Ali attention
Page 229 and 230: Dlil1 ~f P I1rtnls. any case justi!
Page 231 and 232: Dut! if ParentI. 235 consult a chil
Page 233 and 234: Rights of Parents. 287 Something li
Page 235 and 236: Dut, rf Chi/dre.n. 256 90ns in nune
Page 237 and 238: Dldy if Cl-ildrm. A parent has, in
Page 239 and 240:
DIlIJ r/ ChiJdrnt. 248 and not that
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not be contended to be for the augm
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CHAPTER n. 247 DRUNKENNESS. DR Ulf-
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Drunkenne/J'. ~49 tirunken revels o
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Fouch a tavern. 251 And this may be
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Suicide. 259 propose many possible
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SuicilJe. p('rhaps, than the most p
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Su;cidl. .257 -.A. seeking relief i
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• • • ... BOOK v. Duties f07.
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DUly tmd Efficocy of PrtlJcr. agre~
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Duty and Efficacy oj PraJ'er. 26S a
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Duty Qlui FJicacy oj Prayer. 26:) .
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DUly Ilnd Efficacy cf Prayer. 267 ~
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Duty and Efficacy oj Pr(Jyer 269 Go
Page 267 and 268:
Duty lind Efficacy oj Pray!,., 27!
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Duty and Efficacy of Prayer. 273 ~h
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Farms 0/ Prayer in Public liVorship
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277 prayer composed in one age, bec
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til Public fVorJblp. ence, and. the
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Sabbatical ltzltituli()llS oy silen
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Sabbatical InstitutiollS. not more
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·the LlJrd h;J.fh gi1Jen you tht :
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Sabl'aticai [lUi ituti(ins. 287 1£
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289 tllents, which, if a man do, he
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Sabllaticai Institut;oI1S. stituted
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[~batical Institution!. 293 tloy of
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Yio/atiCin of the Christintl Sabbat
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Uf Re·vcrcnci12g tbe Deil)'. £crv
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Vi Reverencing the Deii] :299 .auth
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Of Rt1.Jermcing tbe Dcit),. Christ
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01 Reverencing the Dei1fmanagement
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BOOK VI. ?Z - -- -- -. 5-----, 5 -
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.f),jpin fI.f ,-~ivil Gavtrnmtnt. '
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Subjection to Civil GO'lJernmcm. S0
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,., ,.. ". -I G 4)Utijtct:~'!! t~ ~
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S"bi!'c!i{)n to Civil Govermnent. .
Page 311 and 312:
Duty of Suhmission expjoined. g 1 S
Page 313 and 314:
Duty oj Submission explained. S~ 7
Page 315 and 316:
Dut! of Supmissi(Jn explained. 319
Page 317 and 318:
Duty of SuomissiolJ tltplaitlld. "1
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~reign Dut.y t SZlbmi!Jion explaine
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DUly oj Submission explainetJ. J2J
Page 323 and 324:
Duty of C:'L'i/ Obedience. 827 ~mpo
Page 325 and 326:
as staled in the ScriplureJ. 329 Jo
Page 327 and 328:
as s/lIled in the Scriptures. SSI t
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itS stated in the Scripture&\. ~~::
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33J ;Jose, the com~un~calion of. hu
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~i10uili be con,- ~ved to a lazaret
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Ci'IJil Liberty. 399 the exclusive
Page 337 and 338:
841 III. A REPUBLIC, or democracy,
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if G(;'V{r1l1lltnt. -845 The same o
Page 341 and 342:
or et'en by the la\Vles5 wiil of an
Page 343 and 344:
tif Government. 347 most liable to
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British Constitution .. 549 these c
Page 347 and 348:
British C011siitution. 351 Mo~t of
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'~O be delivered from tIle uneasine
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British Constitution. S5~; Qf gover
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Britisli Constitution. 857 The repr
Page 355 and 356:
British COlzstitution. S59 .. i.s c
Page 357 and 358:
Britis/l COIlSlilliltOll. S61 ~1l c
Page 359 and 360:
SSg ,·Lnd \\:jtl:. the sentiments
Page 361 and 362:
Bril'iJh Constitution. ~65 usually
Page 363 and 364:
British Constitution. S67 first pla
Page 365 and 366:
British Constitution. 369 dlan what
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lJritjsh Constltutio1J, grea.:, or
Page 369 and 370:
Britisl, CCllS Iii zlti{;r;. ~ny rp
Page 371 and 372:
Of the Administration of J:!stice.
Page 373 and 374:
OJ"the Adnzmistratifin of lustice.
Page 375 and 376:
Of the Administration of Justice. 3
Page 377 and 378:
Of the AdminiJtration if Justice. :
Page 379 and 380:
OJ the Administratioll if Justice.
Page 381 and 382:
·"reai.~r inconn~ni~n~v than that
Page 383 and 384:
OJ :he .Adm;'l:drut;~1E of Justice.
Page 385 and 386:
Of tilt A.Jminislration of Justice.
Page 387 and 388:
Of the Administration of JustiGe. ~
Page 389 and 390:
Of tbe Administration oj Justice. 3
Page 391 and 392:
Of Crimes a1ld Punisbm~ntJ. 395 to
Page 393 and 394:
Of Crimes olzd Punishments. 897 oft
Page 395 and 396:
Of Crimes and Punishmentl. agg of h
Page 397 and 398:
(}JA Crill1t'S fllZd Pll1lishnzents
Page 399 and 400:
Of Crimes and Punishments. 4:03 the
Page 401 and 402:
Of Crimel and Punisl}mentl. 405 the
Page 403 and 404:
OJ Crimes and Punishments. 407 with
Page 405 and 406:
Vf' G'ri1llts lind PunZSiJnlents. 4
Page 407 and 408:
Of Crimes and Punishments. 41 ] to
Page 409 and 410:
Of Crimes and Punisbmccts. 413 spee
Page 411 and 412:
Of Religous Ertahlishmenls. ..15 ra
Page 413 and 414:
alld oj"'l o/eratloIZ. 417 other el
Page 415 and 416:
an.d of Toleration .• 419 . fl()~
Page 417 and 418:
I and if Toleration. 421 (·:'SS of
Page 419 and 420:
tllzd 'f ToleratiDn. 42S without S0
Page 421 and 422:
and ofTol1!'N: 1 ion. 425 some soli
Page 423 and 424:
.nd of Tolerllt;on. 427 tic!es to b
Page 425 and 426:
and of Toleration. 4i9 hCi:8 transg
Page 427 and 428:
and of To/el-at;(jn. 481 I I to be
Page 429 and 430:
and if Tolel.1tiol;. 4SS fonn of Ch
Page 431 and 432:
and if Toleration. 435 stance, and
Page 433 and 434:
I fended. and of 11!craliolt. 4S7 O
Page 435 and 436:
and of Toleration. 4:59 I I • I a
Page 437 and 438:
~·i.\r:cr,ltl(rt, ail j CI)Jl11}le
Page 439 and 440:
Agriculture, and Commrrcc. 44-5 ..:
Page 441 and 442:
"5 Agriculture, op.d Cr;mmfr(e. hab
Page 443 and 444:
Agricullure, and CfJ11lmertt. 447 !
Page 445 and 446:
Agriculture, and Commerce. . 449 I
Page 447 and 448:
; I l , I I I r . Agriculture, OM C
Page 449 and 450:
Agriculture, IJnd Commerce. 4.,9 th
Page 451 and 452:
Agriculture, and Commerce. 4!JJ ula
Page 453 and 454:
Atritulture, Il7ld Commerce. 411 A
Page 455 and 456:
A'gricultuI"lJ, and Commf:rci. 459
Page 457 and 458:
AgritUJture, and Cotnmtrte. 46! or
Page 459 and 460:
Agriculture, and Commerce. 463 •
Page 461 and 462:
6! ·." ...,.. r , , C I I ,. .,. ,
Page 463 and 464:
... ~gricultilrC', alz,i C01Iln}Cre
Page 465 and 466:
Agriculture, 011d Conlmerce. 46£1
Page 467 and 468:
Agriculture, and Commerce. 471 tion
Page 469 and 470:
Agriculture, and Commerce. .7S From
Page 471 and 472:
t I ! ~ ,. ;1 f ~" . Agriculture~ a
Page 473 and 474:
0/ War, and of lAiiita,., E!tablizh
Page 475 and 476:
Milit~ry Establisbments. 479 t.hat
Page 477 and 478:
i~lililary Ejtabjishmcnlj~ 481 newl
Page 479 and 480:
Mi/itor1 Establishments. 483 to vin
Page 481 and 482:
Military Establishments. 485 edges
Page 483 and 484:
llIilitary E;tahlishmellis. 487 gen
Page 485 and 486:
MI",';t', r), Frfnl,l; r j'"J1r.";t
Page 487 and 488:
• J.~iili:ary Estttblishments. 49
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