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368 Now, if the COUJltr)~ be not safe in ~UCil hands, ir~ whose may it ~onfid~ its interests? If such a nUItlfJer J of such men be liable to the il1flu~nce of corrupt tno .. tives, what assclnbly of nlen \\,ill be secure from the same danger? Does any Dtw scheme of representation promise to collect tog,·ther more wi~dom, or to produce firmer integrity? In this view of the subject~ alld attending not to ideas of order and proportion, (of which many minds are much enamoured) but to €ff~cts al()n~, \1i~ (!lay disco,"er just excuses for those parts of the present representation. \\,hich appear to a hasty observer most exceptionable and absurd. It should be remembered as a rJlaxitD extl-emely applicable to thj~ ~ubject, that no orJer or assembly of men whatever can long Inaintain their place arId autho.rity in a miXed government, of \\Pilich the Inembers do not individually po~sess a respectable share of personal importance. Now, wllatever fllay be -the defects of the present arrang?ment, it infallibly secures a great weight of property to the house of commons, by rendering mally seats in that house acces~ible to men of large fort\lnes, and to such ffit'll alone. By which Oleans those characters are engaged in the defence of the sepantte rights and interests of thi~ brallch of thE" legislature, that are be,t able to support its claims. 1"he constirutioa of li"Jost of tI1e small boroughs, es .. pecially the burgage tenure, contributes, though un~ designedly, to th.e same effect; for the appointment of the representatives we find comll1only ajlnexed to certain great inheritances. Elections purely popular are in this respect uncertain : in times of tral~q uilli ty ~ the natural ascendency of \\Tea)th will pre\'ail; but when the minds of men are infla med by political dis .. sensions, thi~ influence often yidds to more impetu' ous motives.-Thc variety of ~l'nures and qualifica .. tions, upon which the right of votillg is founded, appears to nle a reCOi11111c.."11t!ati()Tl fJf r.l)c tll()Je \vJlich now subsists, as it tends to introduce into parliament a correspondillg 111ixturc ()f- cllaractcrs ~1Illi pr()tessions. It has been long ohserv(~d, that (.'ow'pictlou:) abilities arc mo~t freqU(\lltly found "ith the r"lJrcsen. tatin:s of small boroughs, And this is nothing more
British Constitution. 369 dlan what the laws of human conduct might teach us to expect: woen ruch boroughs are set to sale, tho~e men are likely to I)ecome purchasers, who are enabled by .their talents to nlake the best of their bar. gain; when a seat is not -sold, but given by the opulellt proprietor of a burgage tenure, the patron finds his own interest consulted, by the reputation and abilities of the member \vhom he nominates. If certain 0.£ the nobility hoJd the arpointment of some part of the l,f)use of commons, it serves to maintain that alli:mce between the two branches of the legi.,Ia .. ture, \\,hich no gO
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PRINCIPLES OP MOlUL AND POLITICAL P
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[ iv ] to advance the discovery, co
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[ vi ] tion, with '\vhich the grati
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PREFACE. IN the treatises that I ha
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I'ltEF AC 'f:. . Xl planations whic
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RFYACE. Inanner may be P.elt~ .. fj
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PREFACE. eci ; l'l('r 2 tllat i~ !i
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CON'T EN'1S. BOOK I. PR~LIMI NARY C
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BOOK III. PART III.-Of R!:LATIVE DU
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$ 5= If BOOK I. r == Preliminary Co
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The LlrdJ of the Ltmd. 25 Whereas e
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The Scriptures .. 27 gence and comp
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The Moral Sen.re'. Now the question
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The Moral Sense. 31 have been set u
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The Moral Sense. 53 Another conside
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Htl11llJR HoppineJ~. 58 sages of wh
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HU~lan HappitlclI. 37 the pleasures
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IIlilJZan Ilappincsse 39 ~tullious
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Hunlon Happine;fs. 41 makes no diff
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IJunlon IItIPpil1CSJ. It scr:-ins t
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HlU1f!an Happiness. 45 than what is
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Human Happiness. 3ame sum of money:
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Virtue. 49 Towards God; as piety, r
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Virtue. 5i might not indulge his hu
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59 a just economy I)f Providence, t
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Tr· ~ Irlue". \vhich 113th ten tal
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Moral Obliglltitm. 57 (as will appe
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M ol'al Obligation. 59 CHAPTER III.
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The Willo/'God. .61 -I work. The_~f
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The Divine Benevolence. The llletho
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The Divine Bene'Voiente. 65 the use
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LTtiJity. 67 and pe9ury; or ~ust j
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The Necessity oJGeneral Rules. i,9
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General Come'luetlces pursued. 71 j
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Of Right • . Frf'm the principles
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The Division of Rights. 75 with the
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------ ."-~ ....... ___ .i --- ____
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The Djtt'isi~n of Rights. 79 him th
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The General Rights of 1Jfankind. 81
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The General Rights of Mankind. 83 c
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The General Rightl oj M4itHnJ. 85 w
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. " . • BOOK III . Relative D ttt
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Institution of Properly. .9 this so
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The History oj Property. 91 the sec
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PrDperty in Land. 98 neighbourhood,
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Property in Land. 95 these accounts
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Pronziscs. 97 rice of the demand up
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Pronlises. 99 interve" ~jon of prom
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Promises 101 you must gu~rd YOt'r e
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ProT/lises. lOS whatever she asked,
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Promises. 105 their obligation; for
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PrOiiliscs. 107 both pClrties; and
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Contracls. 109 made. The few instan
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i1i ranit in the thing to be sold,
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Contracts of Hazard. 11 g exception
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Contracts of Lending, Ufc. 115 hims
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Contracts concerning the Lending Gl
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Lending of Mone'y' 119 It is a ques
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Lending 'J/ JJfoney 121 JYdts it ou
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Service. 123 Clerks and apprentices
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Commissions. 125 them that are your
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C'OlnnlisJ ions, 127 !ies at the ti
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1~9 l)c diminished, by this rule B
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J,~ O./fices. lSI every duty, which
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( ~. . f 1" .) h- h Ie h· t l:crt?
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Lies. IS5 Nice distinctions are OUt
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• Olllhs. 137 .£.. mongst the Gr
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Oaths. 189 great King; neither shal
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14-1 knowledge, power, and justit~,
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Ooth if Alltgill1W. ~quaint~--d ; b
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145 , 1 Y happens in despotic gover
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14-7 Jr for my use 2nd benefit, dir
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Oath against Sim1n)'. 14-9 - ... .-
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SltbjcripliolU to Articles of Rdigi
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ISS ~Jr between the teachers and th
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Wills. }55 man make his will, devis
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-7-· •• $';' liiI. ;nay b~ equ
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·'. i t - -- BOOK III. 3 p- .Relat
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Slavery. 161 that good usage is thr
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Sil/r;)cry. 163 after all, what is
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Professional Assiltonte. 165 oirgum
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p&cunillT] Bounll. CHAPTER v. CHARI
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PctUrJaTl Bounll· 169 pitiating th
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Pecunia'), Bounty. 1 '71 benefactor
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Pecuniary BOllnty. 173 s~~th in sec
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Pecuniary Bounty. i7S 5. " 'I'hat t
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177- It becomes sinful, or contradi
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Re1Je11gc. 179 I say this~ and you
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Revenge. 181 fi·om us a vote to wh
Page 179 and 180:
Duelling. 183 ..,irtue itself: The
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Duel/ing. 18:5 1n return, I forbear
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LitigaticlZ. 187 whilst others desp
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Graljttide~ 189 ;OU5 00 ~ks or pict
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i91 CHAPTER XII. SLANDER. SPEAKING
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Slander, 19S sins of inconsideratio
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1. The private comfort of individua
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lornicatiott. ]-97 .,.,ho infest po
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Fornication. 199 the danger of grea
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Seduct;~n. 201 mischief from so mea
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20S As a woman collects her virtue
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Adultery- AU behaviour, which is de
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Adultery. to accuse him before the
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POlyg411lY· 209 wit.hin three degr
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Polygamy. 211 they may be likely to
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Of DifJOrte. 21S The ancient Med~s
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Of Divorce. 21S ~uring the jodit li
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Of DifJorte. ~17 of personal imbeci
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Of D jvorcc. 219 and her marrying a
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Marriage. 221 CHAPTER VIII. MARRIAG
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Marriage. institution, or the plain
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Duty of Parents. 225 Ination of the
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DUly of Parents 227 that the parent
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Duty of P arenls. 229 ifying, if no
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DUly of PaTenll. 231 .Ali attention
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Dlil1 ~f P I1rtnls. any case justi!
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Dut! if ParentI. 235 consult a chil
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Rights of Parents. 287 Something li
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Dut, rf Chi/dre.n. 256 90ns in nune
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Dldy if Cl-ildrm. A parent has, in
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DIlIJ r/ ChiJdrnt. 248 and not that
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not be contended to be for the augm
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CHAPTER n. 247 DRUNKENNESS. DR Ulf-
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Drunkenne/J'. ~49 tirunken revels o
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Fouch a tavern. 251 And this may be
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Suicide. 259 propose many possible
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SuicilJe. p('rhaps, than the most p
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Su;cidl. .257 -.A. seeking relief i
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• • • ... BOOK v. Duties f07.
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DUly tmd Efficocy of PrtlJcr. agre~
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Duty and Efficacy oj PraJ'er. 26S a
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Duty Qlui FJicacy oj Prayer. 26:) .
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DUly Ilnd Efficacy cf Prayer. 267 ~
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Duty and Efficacy oj Pr(Jyer 269 Go
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Duty lind Efficacy oj Pray!,., 27!
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Duty and Efficacy of Prayer. 273 ~h
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Farms 0/ Prayer in Public liVorship
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277 prayer composed in one age, bec
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til Public fVorJblp. ence, and. the
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Sabbatical ltzltituli()llS oy silen
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Sabbatical InstitutiollS. not more
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·the LlJrd h;J.fh gi1Jen you tht :
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Sabl'aticai [lUi ituti(ins. 287 1£
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289 tllents, which, if a man do, he
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Sabllaticai Institut;oI1S. stituted
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[~batical Institution!. 293 tloy of
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Yio/atiCin of the Christintl Sabbat
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Uf Re·vcrcnci12g tbe Deil)'. £crv
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Vi Reverencing the Deii] :299 .auth
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Of Rt1.Jermcing tbe Dcit),. Christ
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01 Reverencing the Dei1fmanagement
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BOOK VI. ?Z - -- -- -. 5-----, 5 -
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.f),jpin fI.f ,-~ivil Gavtrnmtnt. '
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Subjection to Civil GO'lJernmcm. S0
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,., ,.. ". -I G 4)Utijtct:~'!! t~ ~
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S"bi!'c!i{)n to Civil Govermnent. .
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Duty of Suhmission expjoined. g 1 S
Page 313 and 314: Duty oj Submission explained. S~ 7
Page 315 and 316: Dut! of Supmissi(Jn explained. 319
Page 317 and 318: Duty of SuomissiolJ tltplaitlld. "1
Page 319 and 320: ~reign Dut.y t SZlbmi!Jion explaine
Page 321 and 322: DUly oj Submission explainetJ. J2J
Page 323 and 324: Duty of C:'L'i/ Obedience. 827 ~mpo
Page 325 and 326: as staled in the ScriplureJ. 329 Jo
Page 327 and 328: as s/lIled in the Scriptures. SSI t
Page 329 and 330: itS stated in the Scripture&\. ~~::
Page 331 and 332: 33J ;Jose, the com~un~calion of. hu
Page 333 and 334: ~i10uili be con,- ~ved to a lazaret
Page 335 and 336: Ci'IJil Liberty. 399 the exclusive
Page 337 and 338: 841 III. A REPUBLIC, or democracy,
Page 339 and 340: if G(;'V{r1l1lltnt. -845 The same o
Page 341 and 342: or et'en by the la\Vles5 wiil of an
Page 343 and 344: tif Government. 347 most liable to
Page 345 and 346: British Constitution .. 549 these c
Page 347 and 348: British C011siitution. 351 Mo~t of
Page 349 and 350: '~O be delivered from tIle uneasine
Page 351 and 352: British Constitution. S5~; Qf gover
Page 353 and 354: Britisli Constitution. 857 The repr
Page 355 and 356: British COlzstitution. S59 .. i.s c
Page 357 and 358: Britis/l COIlSlilliltOll. S61 ~1l c
Page 359 and 360: SSg ,·Lnd \\:jtl:. the sentiments
Page 361 and 362: Bril'iJh Constitution. ~65 usually
Page 363: British Constitution. S67 first pla
Page 367 and 368: lJritjsh Constltutio1J, grea.:, or
Page 369 and 370: Britisl, CCllS Iii zlti{;r;. ~ny rp
Page 371 and 372: Of the Administration of J:!stice.
Page 373 and 374: OJ"the Adnzmistratifin of lustice.
Page 375 and 376: Of the Administration of Justice. 3
Page 377 and 378: Of the AdminiJtration if Justice. :
Page 379 and 380: OJ the Administratioll if Justice.
Page 381 and 382: ·"reai.~r inconn~ni~n~v than that
Page 383 and 384: OJ :he .Adm;'l:drut;~1E of Justice.
Page 385 and 386: Of tilt A.Jminislration of Justice.
Page 387 and 388: Of the Administration of JustiGe. ~
Page 389 and 390: Of tbe Administration oj Justice. 3
Page 391 and 392: Of Crimes a1ld Punisbm~ntJ. 395 to
Page 393 and 394: Of Crimes olzd Punishments. 897 oft
Page 395 and 396: Of Crimes and Punishmentl. agg of h
Page 397 and 398: (}JA Crill1t'S fllZd Pll1lishnzents
Page 399 and 400: Of Crimes and Punishments. 4:03 the
Page 401 and 402: Of Crimel and Punisl}mentl. 405 the
Page 403 and 404: OJ Crimes and Punishments. 407 with
Page 405 and 406: Vf' G'ri1llts lind PunZSiJnlents. 4
Page 407 and 408: Of Crimes and Punishments. 41 ] to
Page 409 and 410: Of Crimes and Punisbmccts. 413 spee
Page 411 and 412: Of Religous Ertahlishmenls. ..15 ra
Page 413 and 414: alld oj"'l o/eratloIZ. 417 other el
Page 415 and 416:
an.d of Toleration .• 419 . fl()~
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I and if Toleration. 421 (·:'SS of
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tllzd 'f ToleratiDn. 42S without S0
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and ofTol1!'N: 1 ion. 425 some soli
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.nd of Tolerllt;on. 427 tic!es to b
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and of Toleration. 4i9 hCi:8 transg
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and of To/el-at;(jn. 481 I I to be
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and if Tolel.1tiol;. 4SS fonn of Ch
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and if Toleration. 435 stance, and
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I fended. and of 11!craliolt. 4S7 O
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and of Toleration. 4:59 I I • I a
Page 437 and 438:
~·i.\r:cr,ltl(rt, ail j CI)Jl11}le
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Agriculture, and Commrrcc. 44-5 ..:
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"5 Agriculture, op.d Cr;mmfr(e. hab
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Agricullure, and CfJ11lmertt. 447 !
Page 445 and 446:
Agriculture, and Commerce. . 449 I
Page 447 and 448:
; I l , I I I r . Agriculture, OM C
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Agriculture, IJnd Commerce. 4.,9 th
Page 451 and 452:
Agriculture, and Commerce. 4!JJ ula
Page 453 and 454:
Atritulture, Il7ld Commerce. 411 A
Page 455 and 456:
A'gricultuI"lJ, and Commf:rci. 459
Page 457 and 458:
AgritUJture, and Cotnmtrte. 46! or
Page 459 and 460:
Agriculture, and Commerce. 463 •
Page 461 and 462:
6! ·." ...,.. r , , C I I ,. .,. ,
Page 463 and 464:
... ~gricultilrC', alz,i C01Iln}Cre
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Agriculture, 011d Conlmerce. 46£1
Page 467 and 468:
Agriculture, and Commerce. 471 tion
Page 469 and 470:
Agriculture, and Commerce. .7S From
Page 471 and 472:
t I ! ~ ,. ;1 f ~" . Agriculture~ a
Page 473 and 474:
0/ War, and of lAiiita,., E!tablizh
Page 475 and 476:
Milit~ry Establisbments. 479 t.hat
Page 477 and 478:
i~lililary Ejtabjishmcnlj~ 481 newl
Page 479 and 480:
Mi/itor1 Establishments. 483 to vin
Page 481 and 482:
Military Establishments. 485 edges
Page 483 and 484:
llIilitary E;tahlishmellis. 487 gen
Page 485 and 486:
MI",';t', r), Frfnl,l; r j'"J1r.";t
Page 487 and 488:
• J.~iili:ary Estttblishments. 49
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