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490 There is yet another distinction between standing arrnies and lllilitias, \v~Jich deserves a tnore att€ntiv~ corlsideration than any that has been mcntionedl V"hen the state relics for its defence upon a militia.., it is l1ecessary that arms be put into· the hand~~ of the people at large. The militia itself mu·,t be numcft rous, in proportion to the want or inferiority of itt discipline, and the imbecilities or defects of its constitlJtion. l\rloreo\'er, as such a militia must be supplied by rotatiC)rl, allottnent, or sonle mode of succes~~ sion \vhcreby they who have served a certain tiinc ar{~ replaced by fresh (iraughts frorrt the countr)T, ~i mllch greater nun1ber \\·ill be instructed in tIle \l~e of arll!S" al1d ,viiI 11ave been occasiol1allv· el11bodied to,.. ~ J gether, thall are actualI~T enlplo}~ed, or than are sUFposed to be \Val1ted, at the same time, N O\V "h2~ efi~ects upon the civil condition of the COll11try n1a) be lookecl for froID this general ditl'u~-io~~ of tIle milic tary crlaract
• J.~iili:ary Estttblishments. 491 • ~mittcd to the management and direction of the prince: for however well a popular council may be qualified for the offices of legi~lation, it is altogether Ullfit ft)r tIle conduct of W3,r: i!1 \vhich, success USU: ally depends upon vigour and enterprize; upon secrecy, di~patch, and unanimity: upon a quick perception of opportunities, and the power of seizing every cpportunity immediately. It i:; likewise neces :sary that the obedience of an army be as pro~pt and ~lctive as possible; for ",rtiich rfa~on it ought to be '~na(le an c,oediEnce of \viiI and emulation. Upon :his consideration is founded the expediency of leaving t:) the prince not only the government and destination of tIle arrny, but the appnintment and promotion of its offic~s: becau~e a de:-ign is then alone liJ,ely :() be exccL~ted \1:itll zeal and fidelity, when !he person ,vho i'sues the order, chooses the instru :.nents, al1d re~;ard:; the ser"ice. "r 0 \\lhich we may subjoin, tIlat, in go\rernmCflts like our~, if tIle direc ~ion an(i cjficcriJzg of the arll1Y \\'cre placed in .:he 112flds of the deGl{)Cratic part of the constitution, this jJo\,·er, added to what they alreadv possess," ,\iQuld so • J J o\"erbala11ce ail that would be left of regai prerogati\Te, tlJat little \vould renlain of nl0narchy in the constitution, but thp name and expeIlse; nor \vould these I)robJhly rClnain long. , . 'Vhiht we describe, however, the advantages of stalldit!~ ~lrn1ies, \'ve I11tlst not conceal the dallger. 'l')lcse pr()})erties of their COIlstitution-the s()ldier\T being separated in a ~'eat degree from the rest of tIle COil1111unity, their b~ing ciosely linked anl0ngst ! 11 en1 ..:eI ves bv l1cll)its of societv and Stl Dorcli11ati(JIl ~ ~ ~ - :llld tile tICI)cll(lency of the \\'l~()lc cl1ain UrOll t11e \rill al1d fav()ur l)f the prit1cc-hr)\yc\ycr essel1tial ttle}f 111;t}T l)e to the 11urf)o~e~ for \"\"11icI1 ar(ni·~)s are 1(C11t up, give tl1cln ;)11 J~~11l")ct ill 11() \\'i=,e f:\\'(~tlral)le tC) }1ublic ,. . 1~1,l lii)erty... 1C lJ 7 .lj1gcr I 1()\:rC\Tcr lS · (JII111nl~ ,· · · 1 lC~J lb· y 111aln·- taiIlirlg, upon 011 (Jrca~i()ns, as l11ucl1 ~llliallce of inter .. cst, allcl as 111l1C11 i11terCl)llr~l' ot scntir:lell[, bet'W·eCfr t 11 C T 11 i 1 ita r V 1) a (t 0 f t 11 C 11 a t i ,,111 a Il (1 t 11 (' 0 the r 0 rd e r t; ~ 1 of the people __ as arc consistent with th~ union and
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PRINCIPLES OP MOlUL AND POLITICAL P
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[ iv ] to advance the discovery, co
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[ vi ] tion, with '\vhich the grati
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PREFACE. IN the treatises that I ha
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I'ltEF AC 'f:. . Xl planations whic
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RFYACE. Inanner may be P.elt~ .. fj
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PREFACE. eci ; l'l('r 2 tllat i~ !i
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CON'T EN'1S. BOOK I. PR~LIMI NARY C
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BOOK III. PART III.-Of R!:LATIVE DU
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$ 5= If BOOK I. r == Preliminary Co
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The LlrdJ of the Ltmd. 25 Whereas e
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The Scriptures .. 27 gence and comp
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The Moral Sen.re'. Now the question
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The Moral Sense. 31 have been set u
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The Moral Sense. 53 Another conside
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Htl11llJR HoppineJ~. 58 sages of wh
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HU~lan HappitlclI. 37 the pleasures
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IIlilJZan Ilappincsse 39 ~tullious
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Hunlon Happine;fs. 41 makes no diff
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IJunlon IItIPpil1CSJ. It scr:-ins t
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HlU1f!an Happiness. 45 than what is
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Human Happiness. 3ame sum of money:
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Virtue. 49 Towards God; as piety, r
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Virtue. 5i might not indulge his hu
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59 a just economy I)f Providence, t
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Tr· ~ Irlue". \vhich 113th ten tal
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Moral Obliglltitm. 57 (as will appe
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M ol'al Obligation. 59 CHAPTER III.
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The Willo/'God. .61 -I work. The_~f
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The Divine Benevolence. The llletho
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The Divine Bene'Voiente. 65 the use
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LTtiJity. 67 and pe9ury; or ~ust j
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The Necessity oJGeneral Rules. i,9
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General Come'luetlces pursued. 71 j
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Of Right • . Frf'm the principles
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The Division of Rights. 75 with the
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------ ."-~ ....... ___ .i --- ____
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The Djtt'isi~n of Rights. 79 him th
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The General Rights of 1Jfankind. 81
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The General Rights of Mankind. 83 c
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The General Rightl oj M4itHnJ. 85 w
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. " . • BOOK III . Relative D ttt
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Institution of Properly. .9 this so
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The History oj Property. 91 the sec
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PrDperty in Land. 98 neighbourhood,
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Property in Land. 95 these accounts
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Pronziscs. 97 rice of the demand up
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Pronlises. 99 interve" ~jon of prom
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Promises 101 you must gu~rd YOt'r e
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ProT/lises. lOS whatever she asked,
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Promises. 105 their obligation; for
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PrOiiliscs. 107 both pClrties; and
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Contracls. 109 made. The few instan
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i1i ranit in the thing to be sold,
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Contracts of Hazard. 11 g exception
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Contracts of Lending, Ufc. 115 hims
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Contracts concerning the Lending Gl
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Lending of Mone'y' 119 It is a ques
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Lending 'J/ JJfoney 121 JYdts it ou
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Service. 123 Clerks and apprentices
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Commissions. 125 them that are your
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C'OlnnlisJ ions, 127 !ies at the ti
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1~9 l)c diminished, by this rule B
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J,~ O./fices. lSI every duty, which
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( ~. . f 1" .) h- h Ie h· t l:crt?
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Lies. IS5 Nice distinctions are OUt
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• Olllhs. 137 .£.. mongst the Gr
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Oaths. 189 great King; neither shal
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14-1 knowledge, power, and justit~,
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Ooth if Alltgill1W. ~quaint~--d ; b
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145 , 1 Y happens in despotic gover
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14-7 Jr for my use 2nd benefit, dir
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Oath against Sim1n)'. 14-9 - ... .-
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SltbjcripliolU to Articles of Rdigi
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ISS ~Jr between the teachers and th
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Wills. }55 man make his will, devis
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-7-· •• $';' liiI. ;nay b~ equ
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·'. i t - -- BOOK III. 3 p- .Relat
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Slavery. 161 that good usage is thr
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Sil/r;)cry. 163 after all, what is
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Professional Assiltonte. 165 oirgum
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p&cunillT] Bounll. CHAPTER v. CHARI
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PctUrJaTl Bounll· 169 pitiating th
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Pecunia'), Bounty. 1 '71 benefactor
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Pecuniary BOllnty. 173 s~~th in sec
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Pecuniary Bounty. i7S 5. " 'I'hat t
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177- It becomes sinful, or contradi
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Re1Je11gc. 179 I say this~ and you
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Revenge. 181 fi·om us a vote to wh
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Duelling. 183 ..,irtue itself: The
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Duel/ing. 18:5 1n return, I forbear
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LitigaticlZ. 187 whilst others desp
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Graljttide~ 189 ;OU5 00 ~ks or pict
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i91 CHAPTER XII. SLANDER. SPEAKING
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Slander, 19S sins of inconsideratio
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1. The private comfort of individua
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lornicatiott. ]-97 .,.,ho infest po
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Fornication. 199 the danger of grea
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Seduct;~n. 201 mischief from so mea
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20S As a woman collects her virtue
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Adultery- AU behaviour, which is de
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Adultery. to accuse him before the
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POlyg411lY· 209 wit.hin three degr
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Polygamy. 211 they may be likely to
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Of DifJOrte. 21S The ancient Med~s
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Of Divorce. 21S ~uring the jodit li
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Of DifJorte. ~17 of personal imbeci
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Of D jvorcc. 219 and her marrying a
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Marriage. 221 CHAPTER VIII. MARRIAG
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Marriage. institution, or the plain
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Duty of Parents. 225 Ination of the
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DUly of Parents 227 that the parent
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Duty of P arenls. 229 ifying, if no
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DUly of PaTenll. 231 .Ali attention
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Dlil1 ~f P I1rtnls. any case justi!
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Dut! if ParentI. 235 consult a chil
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Rights of Parents. 287 Something li
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Dut, rf Chi/dre.n. 256 90ns in nune
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Dldy if Cl-ildrm. A parent has, in
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DIlIJ r/ ChiJdrnt. 248 and not that
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not be contended to be for the augm
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CHAPTER n. 247 DRUNKENNESS. DR Ulf-
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Drunkenne/J'. ~49 tirunken revels o
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Fouch a tavern. 251 And this may be
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Suicide. 259 propose many possible
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SuicilJe. p('rhaps, than the most p
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Su;cidl. .257 -.A. seeking relief i
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• • • ... BOOK v. Duties f07.
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DUly tmd Efficocy of PrtlJcr. agre~
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Duty and Efficacy oj PraJ'er. 26S a
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Duty Qlui FJicacy oj Prayer. 26:) .
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DUly Ilnd Efficacy cf Prayer. 267 ~
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Duty and Efficacy oj Pr(Jyer 269 Go
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Duty lind Efficacy oj Pray!,., 27!
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Duty and Efficacy of Prayer. 273 ~h
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Farms 0/ Prayer in Public liVorship
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277 prayer composed in one age, bec
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til Public fVorJblp. ence, and. the
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Sabbatical ltzltituli()llS oy silen
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Sabbatical InstitutiollS. not more
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·the LlJrd h;J.fh gi1Jen you tht :
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Sabl'aticai [lUi ituti(ins. 287 1£
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289 tllents, which, if a man do, he
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Sabllaticai Institut;oI1S. stituted
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[~batical Institution!. 293 tloy of
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Yio/atiCin of the Christintl Sabbat
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Uf Re·vcrcnci12g tbe Deil)'. £crv
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Vi Reverencing the Deii] :299 .auth
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Of Rt1.Jermcing tbe Dcit),. Christ
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01 Reverencing the Dei1fmanagement
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BOOK VI. ?Z - -- -- -. 5-----, 5 -
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.f),jpin fI.f ,-~ivil Gavtrnmtnt. '
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Subjection to Civil GO'lJernmcm. S0
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,., ,.. ". -I G 4)Utijtct:~'!! t~ ~
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S"bi!'c!i{)n to Civil Govermnent. .
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Duty of Suhmission expjoined. g 1 S
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Duty oj Submission explained. S~ 7
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Dut! of Supmissi(Jn explained. 319
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Duty of SuomissiolJ tltplaitlld. "1
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~reign Dut.y t SZlbmi!Jion explaine
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DUly oj Submission explainetJ. J2J
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Duty of C:'L'i/ Obedience. 827 ~mpo
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as staled in the ScriplureJ. 329 Jo
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as s/lIled in the Scriptures. SSI t
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itS stated in the Scripture&\. ~~::
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33J ;Jose, the com~un~calion of. hu
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~i10uili be con,- ~ved to a lazaret
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Ci'IJil Liberty. 399 the exclusive
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841 III. A REPUBLIC, or democracy,
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if G(;'V{r1l1lltnt. -845 The same o
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or et'en by the la\Vles5 wiil of an
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tif Government. 347 most liable to
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British Constitution .. 549 these c
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British C011siitution. 351 Mo~t of
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'~O be delivered from tIle uneasine
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British Constitution. S5~; Qf gover
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Britisli Constitution. 857 The repr
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British COlzstitution. S59 .. i.s c
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Britis/l COIlSlilliltOll. S61 ~1l c
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SSg ,·Lnd \\:jtl:. the sentiments
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Bril'iJh Constitution. ~65 usually
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British Constitution. S67 first pla
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British Constitution. 369 dlan what
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lJritjsh Constltutio1J, grea.:, or
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Britisl, CCllS Iii zlti{;r;. ~ny rp
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Of the Administration of J:!stice.
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OJ"the Adnzmistratifin of lustice.
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Of the Administration of Justice. 3
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Of the AdminiJtration if Justice. :
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OJ the Administratioll if Justice.
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·"reai.~r inconn~ni~n~v than that
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OJ :he .Adm;'l:drut;~1E of Justice.
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Of tilt A.Jminislration of Justice.
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Of the Administration of JustiGe. ~
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Of tbe Administration oj Justice. 3
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Of Crimes a1ld Punisbm~ntJ. 395 to
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Of Crimes olzd Punishments. 897 oft
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Of Crimes and Punishmentl. agg of h
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(}JA Crill1t'S fllZd Pll1lishnzents
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Of Crimes and Punishments. 4:03 the
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Of Crimel and Punisl}mentl. 405 the
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OJ Crimes and Punishments. 407 with
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Vf' G'ri1llts lind PunZSiJnlents. 4
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Of Crimes and Punishments. 41 ] to
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Of Crimes and Punisbmccts. 413 spee
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Of Religous Ertahlishmenls. ..15 ra
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alld oj"'l o/eratloIZ. 417 other el
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an.d of Toleration .• 419 . fl()~
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I and if Toleration. 421 (·:'SS of
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tllzd 'f ToleratiDn. 42S without S0
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and ofTol1!'N: 1 ion. 425 some soli
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.nd of Tolerllt;on. 427 tic!es to b
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and of Toleration. 4i9 hCi:8 transg
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and of To/el-at;(jn. 481 I I to be
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and if Tolel.1tiol;. 4SS fonn of Ch
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and if Toleration. 435 stance, and
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I fended. and of 11!craliolt. 4S7 O
Page 435 and 436: and of Toleration. 4:59 I I • I a
Page 437 and 438: ~·i.\r:cr,ltl(rt, ail j CI)Jl11}le
Page 439 and 440: Agriculture, and Commrrcc. 44-5 ..:
Page 441 and 442: "5 Agriculture, op.d Cr;mmfr(e. hab
Page 443 and 444: Agricullure, and CfJ11lmertt. 447 !
Page 445 and 446: Agriculture, and Commerce. . 449 I
Page 447 and 448: ; I l , I I I r . Agriculture, OM C
Page 449 and 450: Agriculture, IJnd Commerce. 4.,9 th
Page 451 and 452: Agriculture, and Commerce. 4!JJ ula
Page 453 and 454: Atritulture, Il7ld Commerce. 411 A
Page 455 and 456: A'gricultuI"lJ, and Commf:rci. 459
Page 457 and 458: AgritUJture, and Cotnmtrte. 46! or
Page 459 and 460: Agriculture, and Commerce. 463 •
Page 461 and 462: 6! ·." ...,.. r , , C I I ,. .,. ,
Page 463 and 464: ... ~gricultilrC', alz,i C01Iln}Cre
Page 465 and 466: Agriculture, 011d Conlmerce. 46£1
Page 467 and 468: Agriculture, and Commerce. 471 tion
Page 469 and 470: Agriculture, and Commerce. .7S From
Page 471 and 472: t I ! ~ ,. ;1 f ~" . Agriculture~ a
Page 473 and 474: 0/ War, and of lAiiita,., E!tablizh
Page 475 and 476: Milit~ry Establisbments. 479 t.hat
Page 477 and 478: i~lililary Ejtabjishmcnlj~ 481 newl
Page 479 and 480: Mi/itor1 Establishments. 483 to vin
Page 481 and 482: Military Establishments. 485 edges
Page 483 and 484: llIilitary E;tahlishmellis. 487 gen
Page 485: MI",';t', r), Frfnl,l; r j'"J1r.";t
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