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470 Of Population, ProvisilJli, upon lands press with greater bardship upon tho~e 'who live in the country, it may be properly counter. poised by a tax: upon the rent of i-:olj~e~, \\lhich \\~j!l affect principally the inJlabitants of large town~·. l)istinctions may also be framed in som~ taxes, \vhich s!lall alJo\v abatements or exenlpticns to nlarried ptr. sons; to the parents of a certain 11l1:Jiber of ltgitimate cllildren; to improvers l~f tIle soil; to particular modes of cultivation, as to tiilage in preference to pasturage; ana in general to that i11dustry ,,-llich is imnlediately productive, in prcfer~nce to that \vhich is only instru11lenta!: but, above all, which Inay lea\'e the heaviest part of the bl1rthell upon the methods, whatever they be, of acquiring w(,
Agriculture, and Commerce. 471 tion, so the benefits, which indirectly arise to population from foreign commerce, belong to this, in common with other species of trade; together \vith the peculiar advantage of presenting a constant incitement to the skill and industry of the husbandman, by the promise of a certain sale and an adequate price, under every contingency of seascn and produce. There is another situation, in which corn may not only be exported, but in which the -people can thrive by no other means; that is, of a newiy ~ettled country with a fertile soil. The exportation of a large proportion of the corn which a country produ"'\ ces, proies, it is true, that the inhabitants have not yet attained to the number which the country is capable of maintaining; but it does not prove but that they may be hastening to this limit with the utmost practicable celerity, which is the perfection to be sought fDr ill a young e~tablishment. [In all cases except those two, and in the former of them to any greater degree than what is necessary to take off occasional redundancies, [he exportation of corn i5 either itself noxious to population~ or argues a defect J of population arising from some other cause. / VI. ABRIDGMENT OF LABOUR. It has long been, made a question, \1# hether those mechanical contri- \. vances, which abridge labour, by performing the same \ work by fewer hands, be detriolental or Jlot to the' population of a c;ollntry. :From what has been Je- \ livered ill preceding parts of the presen: chapter, it ! will be evident that t~lis question is equivalent to, al10ther, \vhether ~uch contrivances dimi11ish or not ( the quantity of employment.1 The first and most ob. vious effect undoubtedly is this; because if one man be made to do what three men did before, t\\10 are immediately discharged: but if, by some more gen. eral alld rem )tcr conseqlJence, they increase the de .. mand.·work, or, what is the same thing, prevent t~e di.tion of that demand, in a gr~atl'~ prop?r .. tlon rtrltn·:they contract the number of hands by whIch it is performed, the quantity of employment, upon the whole, will gain all addition. I U pO~l which prin- M M I'4
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PRINCIPLES OP MOlUL AND POLITICAL P
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[ iv ] to advance the discovery, co
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[ vi ] tion, with '\vhich the grati
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PREFACE. IN the treatises that I ha
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I'ltEF AC 'f:. . Xl planations whic
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RFYACE. Inanner may be P.elt~ .. fj
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PREFACE. eci ; l'l('r 2 tllat i~ !i
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CON'T EN'1S. BOOK I. PR~LIMI NARY C
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BOOK III. PART III.-Of R!:LATIVE DU
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$ 5= If BOOK I. r == Preliminary Co
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The LlrdJ of the Ltmd. 25 Whereas e
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The Scriptures .. 27 gence and comp
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The Moral Sen.re'. Now the question
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The Moral Sense. 31 have been set u
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The Moral Sense. 53 Another conside
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Htl11llJR HoppineJ~. 58 sages of wh
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HU~lan HappitlclI. 37 the pleasures
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IIlilJZan Ilappincsse 39 ~tullious
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Hunlon Happine;fs. 41 makes no diff
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IJunlon IItIPpil1CSJ. It scr:-ins t
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HlU1f!an Happiness. 45 than what is
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Human Happiness. 3ame sum of money:
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Virtue. 49 Towards God; as piety, r
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Virtue. 5i might not indulge his hu
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59 a just economy I)f Providence, t
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Tr· ~ Irlue". \vhich 113th ten tal
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Moral Obliglltitm. 57 (as will appe
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M ol'al Obligation. 59 CHAPTER III.
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The Willo/'God. .61 -I work. The_~f
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The Divine Benevolence. The llletho
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The Divine Bene'Voiente. 65 the use
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LTtiJity. 67 and pe9ury; or ~ust j
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The Necessity oJGeneral Rules. i,9
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General Come'luetlces pursued. 71 j
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Of Right • . Frf'm the principles
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The Division of Rights. 75 with the
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------ ."-~ ....... ___ .i --- ____
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The Djtt'isi~n of Rights. 79 him th
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The General Rights of 1Jfankind. 81
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The General Rights of Mankind. 83 c
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The General Rightl oj M4itHnJ. 85 w
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. " . • BOOK III . Relative D ttt
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Institution of Properly. .9 this so
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The History oj Property. 91 the sec
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PrDperty in Land. 98 neighbourhood,
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Property in Land. 95 these accounts
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Pronziscs. 97 rice of the demand up
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Pronlises. 99 interve" ~jon of prom
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Promises 101 you must gu~rd YOt'r e
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ProT/lises. lOS whatever she asked,
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Promises. 105 their obligation; for
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PrOiiliscs. 107 both pClrties; and
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Contracls. 109 made. The few instan
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i1i ranit in the thing to be sold,
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Contracts of Hazard. 11 g exception
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Contracts of Lending, Ufc. 115 hims
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Contracts concerning the Lending Gl
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Lending of Mone'y' 119 It is a ques
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Lending 'J/ JJfoney 121 JYdts it ou
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Service. 123 Clerks and apprentices
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Commissions. 125 them that are your
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C'OlnnlisJ ions, 127 !ies at the ti
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1~9 l)c diminished, by this rule B
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J,~ O./fices. lSI every duty, which
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( ~. . f 1" .) h- h Ie h· t l:crt?
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Lies. IS5 Nice distinctions are OUt
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• Olllhs. 137 .£.. mongst the Gr
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Oaths. 189 great King; neither shal
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14-1 knowledge, power, and justit~,
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Ooth if Alltgill1W. ~quaint~--d ; b
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145 , 1 Y happens in despotic gover
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14-7 Jr for my use 2nd benefit, dir
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Oath against Sim1n)'. 14-9 - ... .-
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SltbjcripliolU to Articles of Rdigi
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ISS ~Jr between the teachers and th
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Wills. }55 man make his will, devis
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-7-· •• $';' liiI. ;nay b~ equ
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·'. i t - -- BOOK III. 3 p- .Relat
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Slavery. 161 that good usage is thr
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Sil/r;)cry. 163 after all, what is
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Professional Assiltonte. 165 oirgum
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p&cunillT] Bounll. CHAPTER v. CHARI
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PctUrJaTl Bounll· 169 pitiating th
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Pecunia'), Bounty. 1 '71 benefactor
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Pecuniary BOllnty. 173 s~~th in sec
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Pecuniary Bounty. i7S 5. " 'I'hat t
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177- It becomes sinful, or contradi
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Re1Je11gc. 179 I say this~ and you
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Revenge. 181 fi·om us a vote to wh
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Duelling. 183 ..,irtue itself: The
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Duel/ing. 18:5 1n return, I forbear
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LitigaticlZ. 187 whilst others desp
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Graljttide~ 189 ;OU5 00 ~ks or pict
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i91 CHAPTER XII. SLANDER. SPEAKING
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Slander, 19S sins of inconsideratio
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1. The private comfort of individua
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lornicatiott. ]-97 .,.,ho infest po
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Fornication. 199 the danger of grea
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Seduct;~n. 201 mischief from so mea
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20S As a woman collects her virtue
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Adultery- AU behaviour, which is de
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Adultery. to accuse him before the
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POlyg411lY· 209 wit.hin three degr
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Polygamy. 211 they may be likely to
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Of DifJOrte. 21S The ancient Med~s
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Of Divorce. 21S ~uring the jodit li
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Of DifJorte. ~17 of personal imbeci
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Of D jvorcc. 219 and her marrying a
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Marriage. 221 CHAPTER VIII. MARRIAG
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Marriage. institution, or the plain
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Duty of Parents. 225 Ination of the
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DUly of Parents 227 that the parent
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Duty of P arenls. 229 ifying, if no
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DUly of PaTenll. 231 .Ali attention
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Dlil1 ~f P I1rtnls. any case justi!
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Dut! if ParentI. 235 consult a chil
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Rights of Parents. 287 Something li
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Dut, rf Chi/dre.n. 256 90ns in nune
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Dldy if Cl-ildrm. A parent has, in
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DIlIJ r/ ChiJdrnt. 248 and not that
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not be contended to be for the augm
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CHAPTER n. 247 DRUNKENNESS. DR Ulf-
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Drunkenne/J'. ~49 tirunken revels o
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Fouch a tavern. 251 And this may be
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Suicide. 259 propose many possible
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SuicilJe. p('rhaps, than the most p
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Su;cidl. .257 -.A. seeking relief i
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• • • ... BOOK v. Duties f07.
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DUly tmd Efficocy of PrtlJcr. agre~
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Duty and Efficacy oj PraJ'er. 26S a
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Duty Qlui FJicacy oj Prayer. 26:) .
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DUly Ilnd Efficacy cf Prayer. 267 ~
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Duty and Efficacy oj Pr(Jyer 269 Go
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Duty lind Efficacy oj Pray!,., 27!
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Duty and Efficacy of Prayer. 273 ~h
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Farms 0/ Prayer in Public liVorship
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277 prayer composed in one age, bec
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til Public fVorJblp. ence, and. the
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Sabbatical ltzltituli()llS oy silen
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Sabbatical InstitutiollS. not more
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·the LlJrd h;J.fh gi1Jen you tht :
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Sabl'aticai [lUi ituti(ins. 287 1£
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289 tllents, which, if a man do, he
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Sabllaticai Institut;oI1S. stituted
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[~batical Institution!. 293 tloy of
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Yio/atiCin of the Christintl Sabbat
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Uf Re·vcrcnci12g tbe Deil)'. £crv
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Vi Reverencing the Deii] :299 .auth
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Of Rt1.Jermcing tbe Dcit),. Christ
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01 Reverencing the Dei1fmanagement
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BOOK VI. ?Z - -- -- -. 5-----, 5 -
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.f),jpin fI.f ,-~ivil Gavtrnmtnt. '
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Subjection to Civil GO'lJernmcm. S0
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,., ,.. ". -I G 4)Utijtct:~'!! t~ ~
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S"bi!'c!i{)n to Civil Govermnent. .
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Duty of Suhmission expjoined. g 1 S
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Duty oj Submission explained. S~ 7
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Dut! of Supmissi(Jn explained. 319
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Duty of SuomissiolJ tltplaitlld. "1
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~reign Dut.y t SZlbmi!Jion explaine
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DUly oj Submission explainetJ. J2J
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Duty of C:'L'i/ Obedience. 827 ~mpo
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as staled in the ScriplureJ. 329 Jo
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as s/lIled in the Scriptures. SSI t
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itS stated in the Scripture&\. ~~::
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33J ;Jose, the com~un~calion of. hu
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~i10uili be con,- ~ved to a lazaret
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Ci'IJil Liberty. 399 the exclusive
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841 III. A REPUBLIC, or democracy,
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if G(;'V{r1l1lltnt. -845 The same o
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or et'en by the la\Vles5 wiil of an
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tif Government. 347 most liable to
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British Constitution .. 549 these c
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British C011siitution. 351 Mo~t of
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'~O be delivered from tIle uneasine
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British Constitution. S5~; Qf gover
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Britisli Constitution. 857 The repr
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British COlzstitution. S59 .. i.s c
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Britis/l COIlSlilliltOll. S61 ~1l c
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SSg ,·Lnd \\:jtl:. the sentiments
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Bril'iJh Constitution. ~65 usually
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British Constitution. S67 first pla
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British Constitution. 369 dlan what
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lJritjsh Constltutio1J, grea.:, or
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Britisl, CCllS Iii zlti{;r;. ~ny rp
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Of the Administration of J:!stice.
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OJ"the Adnzmistratifin of lustice.
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Of the Administration of Justice. 3
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Of the AdminiJtration if Justice. :
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OJ the Administratioll if Justice.
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·"reai.~r inconn~ni~n~v than that
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OJ :he .Adm;'l:drut;~1E of Justice.
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Of tilt A.Jminislration of Justice.
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Of the Administration of JustiGe. ~
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Of tbe Administration oj Justice. 3
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Of Crimes a1ld Punisbm~ntJ. 395 to
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Of Crimes olzd Punishments. 897 oft
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Of Crimes and Punishmentl. agg of h
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(}JA Crill1t'S fllZd Pll1lishnzents
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Of Crimes and Punishments. 4:03 the
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Of Crimel and Punisl}mentl. 405 the
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OJ Crimes and Punishments. 407 with
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Vf' G'ri1llts lind PunZSiJnlents. 4
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Of Crimes and Punishments. 41 ] to
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Of Crimes and Punisbmccts. 413 spee
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Of Religous Ertahlishmenls. ..15 ra
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alld oj"'l o/eratloIZ. 417 other el
Page 415 and 416: an.d of Toleration .• 419 . fl()~
Page 417 and 418: I and if Toleration. 421 (·:'SS of
Page 419 and 420: tllzd 'f ToleratiDn. 42S without S0
Page 421 and 422: and ofTol1!'N: 1 ion. 425 some soli
Page 423 and 424: .nd of Tolerllt;on. 427 tic!es to b
Page 425 and 426: and of Toleration. 4i9 hCi:8 transg
Page 427 and 428: and of To/el-at;(jn. 481 I I to be
Page 429 and 430: and if Tolel.1tiol;. 4SS fonn of Ch
Page 431 and 432: and if Toleration. 435 stance, and
Page 433 and 434: I fended. and of 11!craliolt. 4S7 O
Page 435 and 436: and of Toleration. 4:59 I I • I a
Page 437 and 438: ~·i.\r:cr,ltl(rt, ail j CI)Jl11}le
Page 439 and 440: Agriculture, and Commrrcc. 44-5 ..:
Page 441 and 442: "5 Agriculture, op.d Cr;mmfr(e. hab
Page 443 and 444: Agricullure, and CfJ11lmertt. 447 !
Page 445 and 446: Agriculture, and Commerce. . 449 I
Page 447 and 448: ; I l , I I I r . Agriculture, OM C
Page 449 and 450: Agriculture, IJnd Commerce. 4.,9 th
Page 451 and 452: Agriculture, and Commerce. 4!JJ ula
Page 453 and 454: Atritulture, Il7ld Commerce. 411 A
Page 455 and 456: A'gricultuI"lJ, and Commf:rci. 459
Page 457 and 458: AgritUJture, and Cotnmtrte. 46! or
Page 459 and 460: Agriculture, and Commerce. 463 •
Page 461 and 462: 6! ·." ...,.. r , , C I I ,. .,. ,
Page 463 and 464: ... ~gricultilrC', alz,i C01Iln}Cre
Page 465: Agriculture, 011d Conlmerce. 46£1
Page 469 and 470: Agriculture, and Commerce. .7S From
Page 471 and 472: t I ! ~ ,. ;1 f ~" . Agriculture~ a
Page 473 and 474: 0/ War, and of lAiiita,., E!tablizh
Page 475 and 476: Milit~ry Establisbments. 479 t.hat
Page 477 and 478: i~lililary Ejtabjishmcnlj~ 481 newl
Page 479 and 480: Mi/itor1 Establishments. 483 to vin
Page 481 and 482: Military Establishments. 485 edges
Page 483 and 484: llIilitary E;tahlishmellis. 487 gen
Page 485 and 486: MI",';t', r), Frfnl,l; r j'"J1r.";t
Page 487 and 488: • J.~iili:ary Estttblishments. 49
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