Chemical Agents of Opportunity for Terrorism: TICs & TIMs

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Chemical Agents of Opportunity for Terrorism Training Support Package Participant Guide Slide 32 Chemical Agents of Opportunity for Terrorism: TICs & TIMs Some Chemical Causes of Convulsions • Organophosphate & Carbamate Insecticides • Nicotine • Hydrazines • Camphor • Organochlorines • Strychnine Module Two - The Clinical Neurotoxicology of Chemical Terrorism 32 Other convulsant poisons that are relatively easy to access include the chemicals listed here. Nicotine was used by a supermarket clerk in Michigan to poison ground beef patties. Hydrazines are used as rocket propellants. Organophosphate and carbamate insecticides, camphor, organochlorines, and strychnine all are used as pesticides for different animal species. The use of any of these agents in an act of terrorism is a distinct possibility. Nicotine is widely available from tobacco and a variety of other nicotine-containing plants, ingestion can lead to severe vomiting and diarrhea, high blood pressure, anxiety, and a rapid heart rate. At high doses nicotine stimulates muscle spasm (twitching). After a period of stimulation the muscle can become fatigued and subsequently lead to muscle weakness or even paralysis. Hydrazines are compounds found within certain poisonous mushroom species and is a component of rocket fuel. Ingestion leads to seizures that are often resistant to standard anti-seizure therapy. It works by inhibiting the normal function of vitamin B-6 (pyridoxine) in the brain.. Camphor is used in mothballs. In the United States camphor is limited to 11% of the mothball, however older mothballs or those from other countries can have very high concentrations of camphor. Ingestion of camphor can lead to early onset of seizures. Organochlorines are a wide variety of compounds which can have differing effects depending on the exact chemical. Many result in overexcitation and convulsions. A common treatment for scabies (a mite that burrows in the skin) is lindane, an organochlorine insecticide, that has caused seizure when ingested or over-applied to the skin. Strychnine is still found in rat poisons, and poisons for larger animals such as coyote. It prevents the normal relaxation of muscles. This leads to extremely painful convulsions that closely resemble seizures. It has no effect on the brain so victims are conscious December 2008 Version 2.0 Page 100
Chemical Agents of Opportunity for Terrorism Training Support Package Participant Guide during these severe episodes which are very painful and can lead to death from impairment of respiratory muscle function. December 2008 Version 2.0 Page 101
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Chemical Agents of Opportunity for Terrorism: TICs & TIMs

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