Chemical Agents of Opportunity for Terrorism: TICs & TIMs

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Chemical Agents of Opportunity for Terrorism Training Support Package Participant Guide Slide 22 Chemical Agents of Opportunity for Terrorism: TICs & TIMs Ammonia: Physical Properties • Colorless gas with pungent odor • Low odor threshold; good warning properties • Highly water soluble • Boiling point – 33°C • Vapor density 0.6 (lighter than air) • Combustible in narrow range • Highly reactive gas Module One – Toxic Industrial Gases as Terrorist Threats 22 Anhydrous ammonia at standard atmospheric pressure and temperature is a colorless gas with an extremely pungent odor. It has high water solubility causing irritation on contact. This combined with its low odor threshold (5-50 ppm) result in good warning properties. (NIOSH TWA 25ppm). When anhydrous ammonia escapes from a pressurized system, it may appear as a white plume. It is combustible at a concentration of 15-25%; but pressured canisters can easily explode in heat and fires or with impact – as occurs in railroad crashes. Note that it is lighter than air, but the density of a recently released pressurized liquid is higher, so it may continue to “hug the ground” near site of release. December 2008 Version 2.0 Page 146
Chemical Agents of Opportunity for Terrorism Training Support Package Participant Guide Slide 23 Chemical Agents of Opportunity for Terrorism: TICs & TIMs Clinical Effects • Damage from alkali burn and thermal reaction NH 3 + H 2 O NH 4 OH • Low concentration: irritant to nose, throat, upper respiratory tract • Higher concentrations or more prolonged contact – Skin burns: 30% of admitted chemical burns attributed to ammonia (variable by extent of clandestine drug labs) – Lower airway inflammation with pneumonitis and pulmonary edema Module One – Toxic Industrial Gases as Terrorist Threats 23 Ammonia is an irritant at low concentrations and a corrosive at higher concentrations. Given that ammonia is a water-soluble gas, typical symptoms seen at lower concentrations affect the upper airways including the nose, throat, and trachea. At higher concentrations, or with more prolonged contract, anhydrous ammonia acts as a corrosive and may cause burns to tissues exposed to concentrated amounts. December 2008 Version 2.0 Page 147
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Chemical Agents of Opportunity for Terrorism: TICs & TIMs

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