Chemical Agents of Opportunity for Terrorism: TICs & TIMs

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Chemical Agents of Opportunity for Terrorism Training Support Package Participant Guide Slide 4 Chemical Agents of Opportunity for Terrorism: TICs & TIMs The Balance of the Brain • The brain is a fine balance of excitatory and inhibitory influences – Slight alterations in either direction are significant Excitation Glutamate Catecholamines Inhibition Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) Module Two - The Clinical Neurotoxicology of Chemical Terrorism 4 The normal state of the brain is maintained by balancing both excitation and inhibition, each mediated by a unique set of chemicals called neurotransmitters. We alter our neurotransmitters under normal conditions to suit our needs. For example, in order to sleep, you need to increase inhibition and reduce excitation. Neurotransmitters are chemicals in the nervous system including the brain that transmit information from one neuron to the next (neurons are cells found in the nervous system and brain). There are a number of different types of neurotransmitters. These include adrenaline also known as epinephrine which belongs to the neurotransmitter class known as catecholamines. Some neurotransmitters cause stimulation and others cause inhibition or sedation. Catecholamines cause stimulation. Another neurotransmitter that causes stimulation is glutamate. An example of a neurotransmitter that causes inhibition is gamma-aminobutryic acid. This long chemical name is often abbreviated as GABA. The see-saw in the slide represents the delicate balance in the brain between excitation and inhibition. A person with a normal mental status is someone for whom these influences are in balance, while disorders are characterized by a tilt in favor of too much excitation (or too little inhibition) or too much inhibition.(or too little excitation). December 2008 Version 2.0 Page 72
Chemical Agents of Opportunity for Terrorism Training Support Package Participant Guide Slide 5 Chemical Agents of Opportunity for Terrorism: TICs & TIMs The Balance of the Brain • In addition, other neurotransmitters influence our mood, our ability to think, remember, etc. Excitation Inhibition Modulators of Thought Processes Serotonin Acetylcholine Module Two - The Clinical Neurotoxicology of Chemical Terrorism 5 Other neurotransmitters play a role in our functional abilities, or our ability to process information smoothly. For example, Serotonin and Acetylcholine serve as modulators of our thought processes. Some neurotransmitters do not excite and do not sedate (brain inhibition) but cause an alteration in thinking and mood. Two examples of neurotransmitters that may alter mood or thought are serotonin and acetylcholine. An increase or decrease in the amount of these neurotransmitters may have a significant impact on mood and thought. December 2008 Version 2.0 Page 73
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Chemical Agents of Opportunity for Terrorism: TICs & TIMs

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