Chemical Agents of Opportunity for Terrorism: TICs & TIMs

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Chemical Agents of Opportunity for Terrorism Training Support Package Participant Guide Slide 10 Chemical Agents of Opportunity for Terrorism: TICs & TIMs • Dose-Response Ethanol Intoxication: A Prototype for Calmatives – The more you drink, the drunker you get – 1 beer: buzz – 2 beers: intoxicated – 6 beers: uncoordinated, slurred speech, • Disinhibited – 24 beers: coma, respiratory arrest Module Two - The Clinical Neurotoxicology of Chemical Terrorism 10 The term calmative refers to a drug or chemical that producing a calming state. Ethanol represents a nice example of a calmative and reinforces a key concept in toxicology - dose response. The greater the exposure the more effect you see. For example, as you drink more bottles of beer, the neurologic effects progress from mild inebriation to coma. A larger dose or amount of a calmative may produce sedation, and an even larger dose may produce coma. There are a large number of drugs and chemicals that cause calming and sedation. One of the most commonly used chemicals that cause these symptoms is alcohol. The specific chemical name of the active ingredient in alcohol is ethanol. Different people have different responses to drinking the same amount of ethanol. If someone doesn’t drink and then drinks one or two beers they may become intoxicated while others who drink many beers every day may not experience any obvious effect after only drinking one or two beers. However, for both individuals, if they drink enough they will develop more and more “inhibitory” effects. Eventually the patient who drinks a large number of beers may develop respiratory depression which is a decreased number of breaths each minute. Normal is about 12 to 20 breaths per minute. A respiratory arrest occurs when the number of breaths approaches no breaths per minute. December 2008 Version 2.0 Page 78
Chemical Agents of Opportunity for Terrorism Training Support Package Participant Guide Slide 11 Chemical Agents of Opportunity for Terrorism: TICs & TIMs Case Study: Moscow Theatre Hostage Crisis (2002) Module Two - The Clinical Neurotoxicology of Chemical Terrorism 11 Let’s look at an example of a mass poisoning using a calmative agent. The Moscow theater hostage crisis was the seizure of a crowded Moscow theatre on October 23, 2002 by about 40 armed Chechen militants who claimed allegiance to the separatist movement in Chechnya. They took 850 hostages and demanded the withdrawal of Russian forces from Chechnya and an end to the Second Chechen War. December 2008 Version 2.0 Page 79
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Chemical Agents of Opportunity for Terrorism: TICs & TIMs

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