Chemical Agents of Opportunity for Terrorism: TICs & TIMs

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Chemical Agents of Opportunity for Terrorism Training Support Package Participant Guide Slide 20 Chemical Agents of Opportunity for Terrorism: TICs & TIMs Methylmercury Poisoning Iraq, 1971-1972 • Wheat crop failure in 1970 • Sept to Nov, 1971 govt distrib mercury treated crops – 73,201 metric tons wheat – 22,262 tons barley seed • Seed intended for planting – Methylmercury added to grain seeds as an antifungal – Warning in English – Shipment received after planting • Grain used to make flour rather than plant it – MeHg content 9.1 mg/kg (range 4.8 -14.6) Module One - Terrorism by Fear and Uncertainty: Delayed Toxic Syndromes 20 Other forms of organic mercury may also be toxic in a delayed fashion following acute short term exposure. A famous example is this unintentional poisoning event in Iraq in the 1970s. USAID (United States Agency for International Development) supplied seed grain to Iraqi farmers following a couple of wheat crop failures. Methylmercury was added to the grain as a fungicide to protect it from deterioration prior to planting. However, the grain was not distributed until after the planting season. Although there was a warning on the bags not to eat the grain, the warning was in English and Spanish, not Arabic. The hungry population ground the unplanted seeds to make flour for bread and were exposed to about 9 mg of methylmercury per kilogram of flour. December 2008 Version 2.0 Page 328
Chemical Agents of Opportunity for Terrorism Training Support Package Participant Guide Chemical Agents of Opportunity for Terrorism: TICs & TIMs Methylmercury Poisoning Iraq, 1971-1972 • Mean exposure period was 32 days. • ∼40,000 exposed over several months – Est. total MeHg dose was 80 to 250 mg. • 6530 hospital admissions / 459 hospital deaths • Latency to onset of ≈ 2 to 6 weeks • Initial lack of symptoms among animals fed grain may have instilled false sense of security that it was safe to eat Module One - Terrorism by Fear and Uncertainty: Delayed Toxic Syndromes 21 The contaminated bread was eaten by the population for an average time period of one month. Approximately 1% of those exposed (and 6% of those ill enough to be admitted to the hospital) died. Onset of symptoms was several weeks after consumption began. . December 2008 Version 2.0 Page 329
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Chemical Agents of Opportunity for Terrorism: TICs & TIMs

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