Chemical Agents of Opportunity for Terrorism: TICs & TIMs

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Chemical Agents of Opportunity for Terrorism Training Support Package Participant Guide Slide 42 Chemical Agents of Opportunity for Terrorism: TICs & TIMs Phosgene Odor threshold: 0.5 - 1.5 ppm 10 min AEGL -2: 0.60 ppm 10 min AEGL -3: 3.6 ppm Module One – Toxic Industrial Gases as Terrorist Threats 42 The colorless gas, phosgene, has the odor of moldy hay or green corn. However, recognition of odor is reliable only around a concentration of 1.5 ppm, a concentration at which injury is already occurring. Severe, but delayed-onset, pulmonary injury can be expected after a relatively short duration of exposure at levels that may not be appreciated by smell. Additionally, olfactory fatigue can occur, further impairing odor recognition. AEGL-2 is the concentration above which exposure would be expected to result in increasingly severe symptoms as exposure continued, with impairment of self-rescue. Above AEGL-3 concentrations, life-threatening symptoms are expected. Olfactory fatigue is a common, normal experience. It is an adaptive response in humans – to both noxious and non-noxious agents. As an example, the aroma of fresh-baked bread is more noticeable when first entering a room than several minutes later. With some chemical agents, it is thought that the cellular toxicity of the compound itself (e.g. hydrogen sulfide) contributes to the loss of odor recognition. The posters on the slide were used in World War II military training to increase awareness of soldiers, medical providers, and the general community of various aspects of chemical warfare. December 2008 Version 2.0 Page 166
Chemical Agents of Opportunity for Terrorism Training Support Package Participant Guide Slide 43 Chemical Agents of Opportunity for Terrorism: TICs & TIMs Phosgene: Clinical Effects • Limited initial symptoms – Irritation of eyes, nose, upper airways – Higher concentrations cause airway spasm • Low water solubility – slow hydrolysis to HCl Module One – Toxic Industrial Gases as Terrorist Threats 43 Because of its low water solubility, a victim will continue to inhale phosgene, with increased contact time deeper into the lungs, causing lower airway and lung damage. Immediate symptoms are usually mild and are due to irritation of the mucous membranes from slow release of hydrochloric acid as shown in the chemical equation on the slide. These symptoms include eye irritation, throat irritation, and mild cough. December 2008 Version 2.0 Page 167
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Chemical Agents of Opportunity for Terrorism: TICs & TIMs

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