Chemical Agents of Opportunity for Terrorism: TICs & TIMs

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Chemical Agents of Opportunity for Terrorism Training Support Package Participant Guide Slide 15 Non-ionizing radiation refers to any type of radiation that does not carry enough energy to ionize atoms or molecules. These are represented in the electromagnetic spectrum by waves of longer wavelength (lower frequency). Examples include UV (ultraviolet) light, radio waves, microwaves, visible light. This does not mean that these forms of radiation have no physical effects, but rather that they don’t produce their physical effects (e.g. activating cells in the retina to transmit signals interpreted by the brain as sight for the visible light spectrum) via the highly injurious method of ionization. December 2008 Version 2.0 Page 378
Chemical Agents of Opportunity for Terrorism Training Support Package Participant Guide Slide 16 In order to understand radiation, we need to briefly review the structure of matter. An atom consists of a nucleus, made up of protons (positively charged) and neutrons (no charge, neutral), surrounded by a cloud of rapidly moving electrons (negatively charged). Electrons are tiny compared to protons and neutrons, which are approximately the same size. The four basic types of ionizing radiation include: alpha particles are essentially helium nuclei (2 protons and 2 neutrons), ejected from the nucleus of a larger atom and moving with high energy. Following an alpha emission, the atom transforms from one element into another (since an element is defined by its number of protons, the atomic number). A beta particle is an electron that is ejected from the electron cloud around the nucleus. Gamma radiation is not particulate, but rather electromagnetic rays that are emitted from the nucleus. X-rays are similar to gamma rays, but have an origin outside the nucleus. Neutrons are uncharged particles ejected from the nucleus. Beta release, gamma ray, X-ray, or neutron release do not change the atom into another element. December 2008 Version 2.0 Page 379
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