1.5 - About University

14.2S INGLE-LOOP AND D OUBLE-LOOP L EARNING:W HEN TO S TAY THE C OURSE AND W HEN TO R E EVALUATEInspired by Chris Argyris, Donald Schon, and Peter Senge.There are times when a leader has to make a decision to stick with a prearranged goal, regardlessof feedback. Alternately, there are times when a goal has to be reassessed in the light ofunanticipated feedback. Knowing when to hold the course and when to readjust goals is ahighly sophisticated leadership skill. Among other things, it involves a leader’s intuition, logic,self-awareness, courage, and openness to feedback from others. These decisions challenge leadersto think outside the assumptions and limitations they may have unconsciously imposedupon themselves. This tool provides insight into these difficult decision-making and goal-settingprocesses.Single-loop learning assumes that established goals are correct, and aims to optimize the system(i.e., the focus is on efficiency). Double-loop learning, also called generative learning,assumes that established goals can and should be challenged. It aims to ensure that the rightgoals are in place (i.e., the focus is on effectiveness). While neither method of learning is necessarilysuperior, each is applicable in different situations. Single-loop learning works wellwhen conditions are stable and predictable, whereas double-loop learning is a wise practice intimes of rapid and continuous change.In the diagram, both single- and double-loop learning start with step ➊, setting goals.Thereafter, single-loop learning assumes that established goals are correct, and cycles withinsteps ➋, ➌, and ➍ in order to achieve those goals. Double-loop learning, on the other hand,assumes that established goals can be challenged and changed. It cycles back to step ➊ andreassesses goals in light of new information (i.e., feedback). Based on revised goals, new actionplans are made, and different actions are taken.Double-loop learningreassesses goals.‹ ‹❶Set Goals❷Plan ActionSingle-loop learningonly checks for goalattainment.❸Take Action› ›❹Assess Feedback'SECTION 14 TOOLS FOR LEARNING 431