transport of dangerous goods and risk management - Kirilo SaviÄ

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TRANSPORT OF DANGEROUS GOODS AND RISK MANAGEMENT 204It requires special handling, storage, accountability, quality assurance, and security [1, 2]. Accident prevention canbe mainly accomplished with proper mixed packaging of XO during the transport and that is why it is essential toclassify correctly XO according to adequate hazard division (HD) and storage compatibility (SC) groups.CLASSIFICATION OF XO IN HD AND SC GROUPSConventional XO is a hazardous good. The main danger for human beings and animals in the vicinity of detonatingXO is generally a combination of blast, fragmentation and incendiary effects. Moreover, some types of XO alsocontain toxic and/or corrosive material. According to ADR (European Agreement concerning the InternationalCarriage of Dangerous Goods by Road) dangerous goods are divided into 9 different classes.Conventional XO and explosive is grouped in class 1 as hazard divisions 1.1 to 1.6. Due to the considerabledifferences between the types of XO goods of hazard divisions 1.1 to 1.6 are again subdivided into compatibilitygroups.Hazard Division 1.1 substances and items have a mass explosion hazard. A mass explosion is an explosion thataffects almost the entire load instantaneously and results in severe devastation or destruction close to the detonationsite. Within a wide radius, blasts, projected fragments and debris as well as ground waves pose a danger to thevicinity.Hazard Division 1.2 substances and items do not have a mass explosion hazard. Subsequent single explosions(detonation, deflagration) occur in ever-shorter intervals. Depending on the size of the items and the explosivemass, the hazard through projected fragments and debris covers a wide radius. The blast pressure affects only theimmediate vicinity.Hazard Division 1.3 substances and items do not have a mass explosion hazard. They have a fire hazard and a minorhazard either because of the blast pressure or projected fragments and debris or both. Te burning process resultseither in a significant radiant heat (for instance in the case of propelling charges) or the agents and itemssubsequently burn or explode in such a way as to cause a minor blast pressure or projection of fragments and debrisor both. In case of fire, the vicinity is exposed to the danger of radiant heat and projected burning parts and items(for instance pyrotechnic flares) or packaging, while the hazards of blast pressure and projected fragments anddebris are relatively low. Apart from that, there will be heavy smoke when pyrotechnic agents and particularlysmoke generating agents are burned. Smoke may have a caustic and/or toxic effect.Hazard Division 1.4 substances and items only have a minor explosion hazard when the propelling charge or theexplosive agent ignites during transport. Te effects are basically confined to the package itself, and it is unlikely thatlarger fragments will be projected over longer distances. An external fire must not cause virtually instantaneousexplosion of almost the whole content of the package. Te closer vicinity is subject to the danger of radiant heat andfire (normal fire). Igniter caps, high explosive mixtures or components such as cartridge shells that are propelledfrom the origin of the fire may lead to eye injuries and minor burns.Hazard Division 1.5 substances are very insensitive and have a mass explosion hazard. They are so insensitive thatthere is very little probability of initiation or of transition from burning to detonation under normal transportationconditions. Te minimum requirement for these substances is that they must not explode in an external fire test.Hazard Division 1.6 items are extremely insensitive and do not have a mass explosion hazard. These items containonly extremely insensitive detonating substances and demonstrate a negligible probability of accidental initiation orexplosion propagation. Te danger posed by subdivision 1.6 items is limited to the explosion of a single item [3, 4].
TRANSPORT OF DANGEROUS GOODS AND RISK MANAGEMENT 205Since different explosives and XO can react very differently owing to their chemical characteristics, sensitivity,structure and composition, the ADR divides XO into altogether thirteen so-called compatibility groups. Thisclassification is very significant when one has to determine the permissibility which of the different XO types maybe combined in one transportation unit.According to the United Nations (UN) Committee of Experts on the Transport of Dangerous Goods, documented inthe Recommendations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods, Tests and Criteria for disseminating of the HD and SCgroups are divided into seven series which are described below [4]:(1) UN Series 1 - Detonability tests for new substances,(2) UN Series 2 - Insensitivity tests for new substances,(3) UN Series 3 - Hazard tests for handling and transporting new substances,(4) UN Series 4 - Hazard tests for handling and transporting new articles, packaged articles and packagedsubstances(5) UN Series 5 - Hazard Division 1.5 tests (very insensitive explosive substance (with a mass explosion hazard)).(6) UN Series 6 - Hazard Classification tests (Hazard Divisions 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, and 1.4).(7) UN Series 7 - Hazard Division 1.6 tests (extremely insensitive explosive articles which contain extremelyinsensitive detonating substances (EIDS)).As a result of an extensive experimental work, conducted during the realization of the science and research project[5] in the Military academy by the members of the Department of Military technology and Technical OverhaulWorks (TRZ – Tehnički Remontni Zavod) in Kragujevac, HD and SC groups for XO in use in Serbian army andMoD were proposed. Also, modified series of tests were proposed in order to minimize test costs, amount of usedXO for tests and amount of unexploded explosive ordnance (UXO) produced, but preserving reliability of resultsobtained using these methods. Only UN test series 6 were modified. Other series of tests weren’t modified due tothe lack of required XO and needlessness of conducting specific tests (test series 5 are conducted for the XO whichshow the behavior corresponding closely to the criteria for Hazard Division 1.5, like ammonium-nitrate explosivesand test series 7 are conducted for HD 1.6, both of this HD groups have minor presence or they are not present at allin Serbian armed forces.Tests series 6 are conducted to answer the question “Which Hazard Division (1.1, 1.2, 1.3 and 1.4) correspondsmost closely to the behavior of the XO?” The test series includes internal ignition or initiation, propagation ofburning or explosion, and fire tests of products. The geometrical arrangement of the products should be realistic inregard to the packing method and the conditions of transport and storage should be such as to produce the mostdisadvantageous test results.Tests series 6 which were modified are test 6(a) - Single Package Test and test 6(b) - Stack Test. The modificationof 6(a) and 6(b) test is achieved through layered testing. The first testing is conducted with “bare” (non-packaged)XO items. If the sympathetic detonation occurs with two single items the test proceeds with XO items in singlepackages. Test proceeds further on with activating one item in the crate package and later on, if necessary, withtesting of sympathetic detonation occurrence between crate packages. Stack test is not performed.It was determined that this method of testing is far simpler for implementation and brings significant savings in timeand resources. Recommendations made in the research can be temporarily used in the system until the finalestablishment of the UN testing methods.Rocket 128 mm with HE warhead M63 “Plamen” for multiple-rocket launchers is used for an example of themodified test series 6 [5].Partial sympathetic detonation occurs when the bare rockets are set up on each other (Figures 1 and 2), which isdetermined by close inspection of the test site.
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ISBN 978-86-83059-06-5Editor-in-Chi
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TRANSPORT OF DANGEROUS GOODSAND RIS
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EDITORIALLand transport Pan- Europe
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Contents:INTEGRATED MODEL AND INFOR
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TRANSPORT OF DANGEROUS GOODS AND RI
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Figure 3. Algorithm of Security Dat
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Figure 5. Algorithm of Ship Waste M
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Figure 7. Original Algorithm of Imp
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Figure 11. Original Algorithm of th
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Figure 13. Original Algorithm of th
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Figure 15. Original Algorithm of Ot
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Figure 18. The original algorithm o
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Figure 20. Original Algorithm of Ac
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Figure 23. Original Algorithm of In
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Figure 25. Original Algorithm of Ac
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Table 1. Classification of waste th
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Table 3 Classification of waste tha
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Table 3b Classification of waste th
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Table 3d: Classification of waste t
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Table 3f: Classification of waste t
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Table 6 Classes of the compounds th
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Table 6b Classes of the compounds t
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Table 8. Typical hazardous waste ma
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Figure 5.- Life cycle for oiled sol
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Figure 13. Original algorithm of th
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Software part of Sledat systemTRANS
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BIBLIOGRAPHYTRANSPORT OF DANGEROUS
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UDK:614.83:624.21TRANSPORT OF DANGE
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Page 161 and 162: TRANSPORT OF DANGEROUS GOODS AND RI
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CIP - Каталогизација
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transport of dangerous goods and risk management - Kirilo SaviÄ