Who Needs Emotions? The Brain Meets the Robot

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affect in effective functioning 175 information processing: the reactive, the routine, and the reflective (Fig. 7.1). One of our main claims is that affect manifests itself in different ways at the different levels of processing. We believe that viewing affect and its relation to information processing in this way helps to resolve some of the debates about affect and emotion. Some of the more important differences between the three levels are presented in Table 7.1. The main function of the most elementary level, the reactive level, is to control the organism’s approach and avoidance behavior and, as described by Sloman, Chrisley, and Scheutz (see Chapter 8), to interrupt and signal higher levels. At this level, there is only simple, unelaborated affect, which we refer to as “proto-affect.” The realm of proto-affect is restricted to the here and now, as opposed to the future or the past. The second, routine, level is primarily concerned with the execution of well-learned behaviors. At this level, affect begins to show some of the features of what we would ordinarily call emotions but in a rather limited and primitive manner. These “primitive emotions” can involve information relating to the future as well as to the present. For example, simple forms of hope and fear necessitate some minimal form of expectation. We consider information flow and interrupts sensory inputs motor outputs REFLECTIVE ROUTINE REACTIVE THE WORLD Figure 7.1. Simplified schematic of the three processing levels, reactive, routine, and reflective, showing their principal interconnections and relationships to one another and to the state of the world. Small solid lines represent information flow and interrupt signals that serve to indicate activity; broken lines indicate response initiation; thick lines indicate sensory signals.
176 Table 7.1. Principal Organism Functions at Three Levels of Information Processing Processing Level Reactive Routine Reflective Perceptual input Yes Yes No Motor system output Yes Yes No Learning Habituation, some classical Operant and some classical Conceptualization, analogical, metaphorical, conditioning conditioning, case-based reasoning and counterfactual reasoning Temporal representation The present and primitive The past, present, and primitive The past, present, future, and hypothetical representation of the past representation of the future situations 176 robots
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TLFeBOOK Who Needs Emotions? The Br
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The Nature of Emotion: Fundamental
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3 Oxford University Press, Inc., pu
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vi preface want their computer prog
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viii preface is required because th
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x preface prefer to read Part III b
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xii contents PART III: ROBOTS 7 Aff
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xiv contributors Jean-Marc Fellous
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4 perspectives RUSSELL: I confess t
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6 perspectives EDISON: Tinkering! Y
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10 perspectives HOW COULD WE TELL I
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12 perspectives This, of course, ra
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14 perspectives of a stimulus (e.g.
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16 perspectives an emotion is neith
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18 perspectives cognitive processes
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20 perspectives that they visually
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22 perspectives A self-model that c
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24 perspectives Brothers, L. (1997)
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30 brains specificity and flexibili
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32 brains It is useful to begin wit
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34 brains the readout of that syste
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36 brains A. 5 NH 4Cl Bacteria in c
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38 brains Although instinctual beha
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40 brains Motivated behavior requir
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42 brains emerged through decades o
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44 brains and gonadal and adrenal s
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46 brains voluntary control of acti
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48 brains A. Total cerebral input t
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50 brains sensory neurons, interneu
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52 brains functions. Niall (1982) n
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54 brains motivation arousal necess
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56 brains serotonergic system is pr
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58 brains as tree jumping (Doudet e
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60 brains then have a system that a
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62 brains heroin and other opiates,
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64 brains benefits that also presen
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66 brains and brain neurotransmitte
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68 brains Cardinaud, B., Gilbert, J
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70 brains Hess, W. R. (1957). The f
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72 brains MacLean, P. D. (1990). Th
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74 brains Pfaus, J. G., Damsma, G.,
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76 brains trained monkeys: Agonist
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80 brains We conclude by discussing
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82 brains to prove, theoretical dis
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84 brains is a mammalian specializa
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86 brains processing circuits to se
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88 brains amygdala) and the control
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90 brains comparison of the amygdal
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92 brains Is the Amygdala Necessary
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94 brains the amygdala to determine
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96 brains The medial prefrontal cor
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98 brains Many questions remain to
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100 brains by the amygdala might be
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102 brains United States, pair up w
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104 brains networks that participat
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106 brains Note Portions of this ch
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108 brains Davidson, R. J., & Irwin
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110 brains mediate emotional respon
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112 brains Salinas, J. A. (1995). I
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114 brains and thalamo-cortico-amyg
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118 brains and flexible in the orbi
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120 brains Pleasure Rage Anger Frus
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122 brains of the eliciting stimulu
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Page 153 and 154: 136 brains However, it may be expec
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Page 161 and 162: 144 brains References Alexander, R.
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Page 167 and 168: 150 brains Specific methods, partly
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Page 175 and 176: 158 brains see Zajonc, 1985), the i
Page 177 and 178: 160 brains The question now arises
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Page 181 and 182: 164 brains Estimation of social con
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Page 185 and 186: 168 brains Lhermitte, F. (1983). Ut
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Page 227 and 228: 210 robots Toward a Useful Ontology
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226 robots layer (e.g., observing p
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228 robots are sometimes unclear, i
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230 robots for such a fast-acting s
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232 robots from mental processes ot
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234 robots The majority view in thi
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236 robots Will it be a long-term f
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238 robots or implicitly adopted de
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240 robots some undesirable emotion
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242 robots References Albus, J. S.,
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244 robots Sloman, A. (2001b). Evol
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246 robots state variables such as
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248 robots In order to make robots
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250 robots motivational state also
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252 robots Prey acquisition: This b
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254 robots Figure 9.3. Top photos:
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256 robots especially when young. E
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258 robots Object of Attachment Saf
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260 robots Mean distance to attachm
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262 robots 2003), but the intent is
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264 robots Affective State Emotion
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266 robots Motivational/emotional m
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268 robots Brooks, R. (1986). A rob
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272 robots responsible for perceivi
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274 robots species considered to be
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276 robots This endeavor does not i
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278 robots For example, the person
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280 robots mental states (i.e., int
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282 robots Expression of Affective
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284 robots Negative valence High ar
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286 robots and emotion-related proc
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288 robots For instance, the visual
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290 robots Undesired stimulus Rejec
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292 robots intensity: seek or acqui
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294 robots Table 10.2. Summary of t
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296 robots it up (Breazeal, 2002b).
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298 robots pitch, f o (kHz) pitch,
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300 robots Table 10.3. Overall Clas
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302 robots Each emotion gateway pro
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304 robots Biasing Attention Kismet
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306 robots be to vocalize to the pe
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308 robots References Ackerman, B.,
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310 robots Center for the Study of
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312 robots When team members align
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314 robots effects that the agent h
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316 robots double arrow), which imp
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318 robots that of “robot as avat
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320 robots terms of specific apprai
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322 robots their own self-survival
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326 robots Although, the emotion
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328 robots planning. In Proceedings
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334 conclusions handout and pleased
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336 conclusions emotion. How can we
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338 conclusions Presumably, the fac
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340 conclusions Absence of N and N
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342 conclusions Thus, evolution yie
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344 conclusions different from such
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346 conclusions approach to the soc
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348 conclusions at the much higher
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350 conclusions mediated by distrib
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352 conclusions to the prefrontal c
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354 conclusions pathway of much mor
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356 conclusions The Motivated Toad
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358 conclusions explicitly formal r
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360 conclusions directly and by pro
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362 conclusions striatum pallidum d
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364 conclusions (A) Auditory stimul
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366 conclusions from the primary ta
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368 conclusions by an interest in u
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370 conclusions he sees as the stat
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372 conclusions to detect possible
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374 conclusions much of my behavior
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376 conclusions Consider a robot th
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378 conclusions 3. As already noted
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380 conclusions Fellous, J.-M., & S
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382 conclusions Localization of gra
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386 index amygdala back projection,
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388 index cognition (continued) evo
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390 index emotion research (continu
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392 index fear conditioning (contin
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394 index limbic system theory, 80-
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396 index prefrontal cortex and the
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398 index schema theory and Jackson
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Who Needs Emotions? The Brain Meets the Robot

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