Who Needs Emotions? The Brain Meets the Robot

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Table 10.1. A Possible Mapping of Facial Movements to Affective Dimensions Proposed by Smith &
Scott (1997)
Raise Raise Raise
Eyebrow Raise Upper Lower Lip Open Tighten Raise
Meaning Frown Eyebrows Eyelid Eyelid Corners Mouth Mouth Chin
Pleasantness o r r o o
Goal obstacle/discrepancy r
Anticipated effort r
Attentional activity r r
Certainty o r r
Novelty r r
Personal agency/control o o o
Up arrow indicates that the facial action is hypothesized to increase with increasing levels of the affective meaning dimension.
Down arrow indicates that the facial action increases as the affective meaning dimension decreases. For instance, the lip
corners turn upward as pleasantness increases and downward with increasing unpleasantness.
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