Who Needs Emotions? The Brain Meets the Robot

378 conclusions
3. As already noted, such interpretations are tentative, designed to stimulate a
dialogue between the discussion of realistically complex emotional behavior and
the neurobiological analysis of well-constrained aspects of motivation and emotion.
Thus, in contrast to the above analysis, one might claim that there are no separate
emotions, that all emotions are linked somehow, and that the experience of one
emotion depends on the experience of another. I invite the reader to conduct a
personal accounting of such alternatives.
4. Arbib and Lieblich (1977) used positive values for appetitive drives and
negative values for aversive drives, but I will use positive values here even for negative
drives.
5. Of course, at one level of analysis, one could construe, for example an autonomous
system governed by an adaptive neural network as following a “program”
expressed at the level of neural and synaptic dynamics. Conversely, a present-day
personal computer will check for e-mail even as its user is actively engaged in some
other activity, such as word processing. Thus, the notion of autonomy here is one
of degree.
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